In space-charge dominated beams the nonlinear space-charge forces produce a filamentation pattern, which results in a 2-component beam consisting of an inner core and an outer halo. The halo is very prominent in mismatched beams, and the potential for accelerator activation is of concern for a next generation of cw, high-power proton linacs that could be applied for intense neutron generators to process nuclear materials. We present new results about beam halo and the evolution of space-charge dominated beams from multiparticle simulation of initial laminar beams in a uniform linear focusing channel, and from a model consisting of single particle interactions with a uniform-density beam core. We study the energy gain from particle interactions with the space-charge field of the core, and we identify the resonant characteristic of this interaction as the basic cause of the separation of the beam into the two components. We identify three different particle-trajectory types, and we suggest that one of these types may lead to continuous halo growth, even after the halo is removed by collimators.

A semianalytic formalism was recently developed for investigating the transverse dynamics of a mismatched, space-charge-dominated beam propagating through a focusing channel. It uses the Fokker-Planck equation to account for the rapid evolution of the coarse-grained distribution function in the phase space of a single beam particle. A simple model of dynamical friction and diffusion represents the effects of turbulence resulting from charge redistribution. The initial application was to sheet beams. In this paper, the formalism is generalized to fully two-dimensional beams.

In space-charge dominated beams the nonlinear space-charge forces produce a filamentation pattern, which in projection to the 2-D phase spaces results in a 2-component beam consisting of an inner core and a diffuse outer halo. The beam-halo is of concern for a next generation of cw, high-power proton linacs that could be applied to intense neutron generators for nuclear materials processing. The author describes what has been learned about beam halo and the evolution of space-charge dominated beams using numerical simulations of initial laminar beams in uniform linear focusing channels. Initial results are presented from a study of beam entropy for an intense space-charge dominated beam.

This indispensable work offers a broad synoptic description of beams, applicable to a wide range of other devices, such as low-energy focusing and transport systems and high-power microwave sources. The monograph develops the material from the basic principles in a systematic way and discusses the underlying physics and validity of theoretical relationships, design formulas and scaling laws. Assumptions and approximations are clearly indicated throughout. This new, revised and updated edition has 10% additional content, and features, among others, a new chapter on beam physics research from 1993 to 2007, significant enhancement of chapter 6 on emittance variation, updated references and color image plates.

Proceedings of the October 1995 workshop on space charge dominated beams, which took a close look at major breakthroughs of the past few years. The workshop results are organized in sections on topics of general interest; experiments with space charge dominated beams and halo formation; statistical

An intense non-uniform particle beam exhibits strong emittance growth and halo formation in focusing channels due to nonlinear space charge forces of the beam. This phenomenon limits beam brightness and results in particle losses. The problem is connected with irreversible distortion of phase space volume of the beam in conventional focusing structures due to filamentation in phase space. Emittance growth is accompanied by halo formation in real space, which results in inevitable particle losses. We discuss a new approach for solving a self-consistent problem for a matched non-uniform beam in two-dimensional geometry. The resulting solution is applied to the problem of beam transport, while avoiding emittance growth and halo formation by the use of nonlinear focusing field. Conservation of a beam distribution function is demonstrated analytically and by particle-in-cell simulation for a beam with a realistic beam distribution.

During the three-year funding period the author's achievements can be summarized as follows: (1) The author has systematically studied the effect of phase modulation on bunch distribution. (2) The author has found that a frequently observed proton beam instability when the velocity of cooling electrons differs from that of protons is due to Hopf bifurcation. The equilibrium proton beam distribution becomes a limiting cycle attractor. This technique can be used to measure the temperature of cooling electrons. (3) The author has studied mechanisms of controlled bunch dilution. Evolution of beam bunch profile is measured while the beam is perturbed by the modulation of a secondary rf system. The experimental data reveal that mean square bunch length[sigma][sup 2](t) exhibits two characteristic time scales. He finds that overlapping parametric resonances plays an important role in beam diffusion. (4) He has studied the effects of global chaos on the halo formation of space charge dominated beams. He has analyzed the halo produced by a modulating mismatched space charge dominated beam in a uniform focusing channel. He found that the halo formation is determined by a single scaling parameter, the space charge perveance parameter divided by the phase advance per unit length. The condition of global chaos can thus be predicted. In June 1994, Indiana University has served as the host of the USPAS (United States Particle Accelerator School). In July 1994, IUCF has also served as the host site of the workshop on the future direction of hadron facilities. In October 1994, the author organized a successful workshop on space charge dominated beams and application of high brightness beams. During this period of this funding, he has had many visitors from SSC, SLAC, Fermilab, and Brookhaven National Laboratory. He has carried out many nonlinear beam dynamics experiments at the IUCF Cooler Ring. He has published about 30 refereed journal papers related to this project. These papers are listed in Sec. 3.