This is the first study of Balzac's work to examine theatre in La Comédie humaine both as a theme in itself and for its influence on Balzac's techniques and modes of presentation in his novels, and to demonstrate the symbiotic influence of novel and stage on Balzac's work as a playwright and novelist. It will be of interest not only to students of Balzac, but also to students of nineteenth-century theatre and history. The introduction gives an account of Balzac's experience of the theatre; the first three chapters examine the historicity of Balzac's portrayal of the theatre world and how this portrayal serves his wider narrative purpose; the two following chapters demonstrate how and why Balzac relies on the theatre to provide a rich tissue of metaphor and bank of expressive devices with which to communicate his critique of society; finally the work shows how Balzac succeeded in bringing to the stage the same scrutiny of the capitalist ethos which underpins La Comédie humaine. An index of references to playwrights, plays, actors and stage characters in La Comédie humaine is given in an appendix.

This book examines the phenomenon of the reappearance of characters in nineteenth-century French fiction. It approaches this from a hitherto unexplored perspective: that of the twin history of the aesthetic notion of originality and the legal notion of literary property. While the reappearance of characters in the works of canonical authors such as Honoré de Balzac and Émile Zola is usually seen as a device which transforms the individual works of an author into a coherent whole, this book argues that the unprecedented systematisation of the reappearance of characters in the nineteenth century has to be seen within a wider cultural, economic, and legal context. While fictional characters are seen as original creations by their authors, from a legal point of view they are considered to be ‘ideas’ which are not protected and can be appropriated by anyone. By co-examining the reappearance of characters in the work of canonical authors and their reappearances in unauthorised appropriations, such as stage adaptations and sequels, this book discusses a series of issues that have shaped our understanding of authorship, originality, and property.

This study explores the process by which Balzac made use of the unique structure of his fictional world to create subtlety and complexity both within and between the individual works of "La Comedie humaine." Internal narrations--scenes of story-telling--offer a particularly rich field of study as characters tell each other stories about other characters. Because of the system of recurring characters, Balzac's narrative framing creates layers of meaning, thus raising questions that resonate throughout the whole textual edifice. "Weaving Balzac's Web" shows how story-telling scenes can serve as windows into the depths of Balzac's masterpiece and reveal the carefully construction complexities and ambiguities that lie enmeshed in its vast narrative web.

Balzac's reputation is as a novelist. But short stories make up over half La Comédie humaine, besides scores of other tales and articles. Short forms appear early in Balzac's output, and shape his work throughout his career. Balzac's Shorter Fictions looks at the whole of this corpus, at the nature of short fiction, and at how Balzac's novels developed from his stories - at the links between literary genesis and genre. It explores the roles of short fiction in Balzac's creation, its part in producing effects of virtuality and perspective, and reflects ultimately on the relationship between brevity and length in La Comédie humaine. This, the first complete English-language study of Balzac's work for over forty years, synthesizes recent research on Balzac's practice within the context of modern thought on the author. It is an indispensable book for students and scholars of Balzac, and for all those interested in prose fiction.

Does a novel focus on one life or many? Alex Woloch uses this simple question to develop a powerful new theory of the realist novel, based on how narratives distribute limited attention among a crowded field of characters. His argument has important implications for both literary studies and narrative theory. Characterization has long been a troubled and neglected problem within literary theory. Through close readings of such novels as Pride and Prejudice, Great Expectations, and Le Père Goriot, Woloch demonstrates that the representation of any character takes place within a shifting field of narrative attention and obscurity. Each individual--whether the central figure or a radically subordinated one--emerges as a character only through his or her distinct and contingent space within the narrative as a whole. The "character-space," as Woloch defines it, marks the dramatic interaction between an implied person and his or her delimited position within a narrative structure. The organization of, and clashes between, many character-spaces within a single narrative totality is essential to the novel's very achievement and concerns, striking at issues central to narrative poetics, the aesthetics of realism, and the dynamics of literary representation. Woloch's discussion of character-space allows for a different history of the novel and a new definition of characterization itself. By making the implied person indispensable to our understanding of literary form, this book offers a forward-looking avenue for contemporary narrative theory.