This workshop was organized and presented by an international group of scholars interested in the advancement of automating instructional design. Although the principal leader for this effort was myself, each of the committee members devoted equally in time and effort in the total preparation and conducting of the workshop. Members of the organizing committee included Dr. Klaus Breuer from disce and the University ofPaderbom (Germany), Dr. Begofia Gros from the University of Barcelona, and Dr. Daniel Muraida and Dr. Michael Spector from the Armstrong Laboratory (USA). Dr. Gros participated as the co-director of the workshop and was directly responsible for the preparation and operation of the workshop in Sitges, Spain. The workshop was held in Sitges, a short distance from Barcelona, March 23-27, 1992. Because of preparations at that time for the 1992 summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, the workshop was moved to a more convenient location. The theme of the workshop included three main topics: planning, production, and implementation. Dr. Peter Goodyear, from the Lancaster University (England), presented the invited keynote address. During the four day workshop, 14 papers were presented and discussed. Following each of the three topic areas, Drs. Gros and Breuer led discussions critiquing the ideas presented.

This institute was organized and presented by an international group of scholars interested in the advancement of instructional design automation through theory, research and applied evaluation. Members of the organizing committee included Dr. Klaus Breuer from disce (Germany), Dr. Jose J. Gonzalez from Agder College of Engineering (Norway), Dr. Begofia Gros from the University of Barcelona, Dr. J. Michael Spector from the Armstrong Laboratory (USA). Dr. Gonzalez, co-director of the institute, and the staff of Agder College were directly responsible for the preparation and operation of the institute in Grimstad, Norway. The institute was held on the campus of Agder College of Engineering, July 12-23, 1993. The theme of the institute extended the initial work developed by the presenters at a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Sitges, Spain in 1992. During the two week institute, 21 presentations were made including papers and demonstrations. In addition to the formal presentations, working groups and on-site study groups provided opportunities for the students to participate directly in program activities. An important outcome for the working groups was the formal preparation of their efforts in chapters for this volume.

Instructional design theory and practice has evolved over the past 30 years from an initial narrow focus on programmed instruction to a multidimensional field of study integrating psychology, technology, evaluation, measurement, and management. The growth of instructional design (ID) has occurred because of direct needs, problems, and goals from society. Its application in planning instruction first developed in the United States with the Department of Defense during World War II with the purpose of meeting immediate concerns for effective training of larger numbers of military personnel. From the beginning, ID has rapidly expanded into applications in industrial and executive training, vocational training, classroom learning, and professional education. Although ID has its roots in the U.S., applications and theoretical growth is an international activity. However, literature at the international level is still limited to either individual author contributions or collections primarily represented by single countries. As a result, there is no standard reference source that contains the rich variety of theories and applications to form the international foundation for the field. The goal of this two-volume set is to establish international foundations for ID theory, research, and practice within the framework of the two following objectives: * to identify and define the theoretical, research, and model foundations for ID, and * to bridge the gap between ID foundations and application. Volume I includes chapters on philosophical and theoretical issues on learning theory and ID models. Volume II provides an overview of the state of the art of solving ID problems. The contributors offer contrasting points of view which provide a rare opportunity to see the diversity and complexity in the field. The editorial committee has selected a wide range of internationally known authors to make presentations in the topic areas of the field.

How ed tech was born: Twentieth-century teaching machines--from Sidney Pressey's mechanized test-giver to B. F. Skinner's behaviorist bell-ringing box. Contrary to popular belief, ed tech did not begin with videos on the internet. The idea of technology that would allow students to "go at their own pace" did not originate in Silicon Valley. In Teaching Machines, education writer Audrey Watters offers a lively history of predigital educational technology, from Sidney Pressey's mechanized positive-reinforcement provider to B. F. Skinner's behaviorist bell-ringing box. Watters shows that these machines and the pedagogy that accompanied them sprang from ideas--bite-sized content, individualized instruction--that had legs and were later picked up by textbook publishers and early advocates for computerized learning. Watters pays particular attention to the role of the media--newspapers, magazines, television, and film--in shaping people's perceptions of teaching machines as well as the psychological theories underpinning them. She considers these machines in the context of education reform, the political reverberations of Sputnik, and the rise of the testing and textbook industries. She chronicles Skinner's attempts to bring his teaching machines to market, culminating in the famous behaviorist's efforts to launch Didak 101, the "pre-verbal" machine that taught spelling. (Alternate names proposed by Skinner include "Autodidak," "Instructomat," and "Autostructor.") Telling these somewhat cautionary tales, Watters challenges what she calls "the teleology of ed tech"--the idea that not only is computerized education inevitable, but technological progress is the sole driver of events.

Multimedia-Based Instructional Design is a thoroughly revised and updated second edition of the best-selling book that provided a complete guide to designing and developing interactive multimedia training. While most training companies develop their training programs in many different technological delivery media—computer-based, web-based, and distance learning technologies—this unique book demonstrates that the same instructional design process can be used for all media. Using just one process reduces cycle time for course development—and also reduces costs.

First Published in 2008. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.