Geographical Information is defined as the collection of data on real virtual objects which have a fixed place above, on, in or beneath the surface of the earth. Geographical information involves all information on buildings, roads, pipelines, cabling, etc. as well as boundaries, air corridors, topography and postcode areas, the information can be administrative and geometric. Changes in social and economic interests have caused the emphasis to shift over the years. Virtual objects (areas, postcode areas) in particular have attracted more interest in recent years. This is closely related to the increased desirability of analysing and presenting policy information within certain spatial limits, in which the introduction of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and systems like GIS has played a significant role. Geographical Information cannot be regarded as the informational side of one policy area. Geographical information is not only necessary for the layout and management of space, but also for such things as taxation, environmental policy, water management, maintenance and protection of pipeline systems and making maps. The volumes address the latest developments with respect to technological innovation, scientific progress and advanced professional application in the field of geographical information. In addition, articles dealing with the state of the art and coming innovations with respect to major fields of GI research and application are included. The books cover the following areas of specific interest topics with the current scope of geographical information research: geographical information technolgy; geographical information and environment; geographical information planning; geographical information in urban and regional government; geographical information inutilities, telecom and private enterprise; geographical information education and awareness; geographical information in Spain.

This two volume set of books constitutes the proceedings of the 2014 7th IEEE International Conference Intelligent Systems (IS), or IEEE IS’2014 for short, held on September 24–26, 2014 in Warsaw, Poland. Moreover, it contains some selected papers from the collocated IWIFSGN'2014 ‐ Thirteenth International Workshop on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Generalized Nets. The conference was organized by theSystems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department IV of Engineering Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, and Industrial Institute of Automation and Measurements – PIAP. The papers included in the two proceedings volumes have been subject to a thorough review process by three highly qualified peer reviewers.Comments and suggestions from them have considerable helped improve the quality of the papers but also the division of the volumes into parts, and assignment of the papers to the best suited parts.

A revision of Openshaw and Abrahart's seminal work, GeoComputation, Second Edition retains influences of its originators while also providing updated, state-of-the-art information on changes in the computational environment. In keeping with the field's development, this new edition takes a broader view and provides comprehensive coverage across the

The two-volume set LNCS 5544-5545 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2009, held in Baton Rouge, LA, USA in May 2008. The 60 revised papers of the main conference track presented together with the abstracts of 5 keynote talks and the 138 revised papers from 13 workshops were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the three volumes. The general main track of ICSS 2009 was organized in about 20 parallel sessions addressing the following topics: e-Science Applications and Systems, Scheduling, Software Services and Tools, New Hardware and Its Applications, Computer Networks, Simulation of Complex Systems, Image Processing, Optimization Techniques, and Numerical Methods.