Atrocity. Genocide. War crime. Crime Against Humanity. Such atrocity labels have been popularized among international lawmakers but with little insight offered into how and when these terms are applied and to what effect. What constitutes an event to be termed a genocide or war crime and what role does this play in the application of legal proceedings? Markus P. Beham, through an interdisciplinary and comparative approach, unpicks these terms to uncover their historical genesis and their implications for international criminal law initiatives concerned with atrocity. The book uniquely compares four specific case studies: Belgian colonial exploitation of the Congo, atrocities committed against the Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa, the Armenian genocide and the man-made Ukrainian famine of the 1930s. Encompassing international law, legal history, and discourse analysis, the concept of 'atrocity labelling' is used to capture the meaning underlying the work of international lawyers and prosecutors, historians and sociologists, agenda setters and policy makers.

"Atrocity. Genocide. War crime. Crime Against Humanity. Such atrocity labels have been popularized among international lawmakers but with little insight offered into how and when these terms are applied and to what effect. What constitutes an event to be termed a genocide or war crime and what role does this play in the application of legal proceedings? Markus P. Beham, through an interdisciplinary and comparative approach, unpicks these terms to uncover their historical genesis and their implications for international criminal law initiatives concerned with atrocity. The book uniquely compares four specific case studies: Belgian colonial exploitation of the Congo, atrocities committed against the Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa, the Armenian genocide and the man-made Ukrainian famine of the 1930s. Encompassing international law, legal history, and discourse analysis, the concept of 'atrocity labelling' is used to capture the meaning underlying the work of international lawyers and prosecutors, historians and sociologists, agenda setters and policy makers"--

In The Crime of Genocide Then and Now: Evolution of a Crime, the editors Pavel Šturma and Milan Lipovský submit an analysis of the readiness of the definition of genocide to the world of 21st century.

Convincing the world to "believe the unbelievable" is an obstacle that all atrocity victims face. However, it remains to be seen if this belief is translated into the international community labeling atrocities and taking action. Crimes against humanity and genocide were codified as international crimes under international law in 1945 and 1946 through the Nuremberg Tribunal and the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Following their codification, two schools of thought emerged. Both agree that there is a moral obligation for the international community to respond in instances where these terms are invoked, yet disagreement persists regarding whether there is an additional legal obligation to respond. In addition, an empirically verified link between atrocity labels and action by the international community remains to be identified and gaps within the literature remain. As a result, I seek to determine if this potential legal obligation is fulfilled when these labels are used and proposes the following question: Do patterns exist in which invoking the terms "genocide" and/or "crimes against humanity" leads to action by the international community?To address this question, I begin by exploring the previous literature with the aim of defining crimes against humanity and genocide, exploring the two schools of thought regarding the legal obligation to respond, and what we know about the use of these labels and subsequent action on the part of the international community. I then conduct a historical analysis and a comparative case study. The historical analysis tracks the evolution of atrocity rhetoric and the terms 'genocide' and 'crimes against humanity.' This analysis works to examine what these terms have come to mean both legally and connotatively. Following this historical analysis, a comparative case study is conducted which includes atrocities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Darfur, and Myanmar. Finally, patterns regarding the invocation of 'genocide' and 'crimes against humanity' are identified and analyzed. The findings of this study indicate that the invocation of these terms and subsequent action is dependent on and determined by political considerations and national interests of the international community.

This book is the first comprehensive study of the international law encompassing hate speech. Prof. Gordon provides a broad analysis of the entire jurisprudential output related to speech and gross human rights violations for courts, government officials, and scholars. The book is organized into three parts. The first part covers the foundation: a brief history of atrocity speech and the modern treatment of hate speech in international human rights treaties and judgments under international criminal tribunals. The second part focuses on fragmentation: detailing the inconsistent application of the charges and previous prosecutions, including certain categories of inflammatory speech and a growing doctrinal rift between the ICTR and ICTY. The last part covers fruition: recommendations on how the law should be developed going forward, with proposals to fix the problems with individual speech offenses to coalesce into three categories of offense: incitement, speech-abetting, and instigation.

Since the 1970s, the Centers for Austrian Studies, which were founded by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Science and Research, have played an important role for the Austrian and international scientific community. Their tasks are to promote studies on Austria and Central Europe through their host nations, as well as to give Austrian students the possibility to conduct research abroad and to get in touch with the local scientific community. This volume contains reports on the activities of these institutions in the academic year 2012/2013, as well as working papers of some their most promising PhD students. Their research presented in the book covers various aspects of Central European history in modern times, ranging from the 17th century to the present. (Series: Europa Orientalis - Vol. 14)