Atmospheric corrosion in México is creating significant structural problems in the tropical marine regions of the Gulf of México. This is especially true along the southern Gulf coast where increasing petrochemical pollution is present with the extremely high chloride concentrations resulting from strong onshore winds, and the ever-present high time-of-wetness. The climatic and environmental parameters have been measured, between 1993 and 1998, at 12 coupon exposure sites at marine locations around the Gulf of México. Corrosion classifications for iron, aluminum, copper and zinc have been calculated for each site using mean values of the time-of-wetness, chloride and sulfur dioxide concentrations. The theoretically predicted corrosion rates have been determined from the site classification data, and compared to the 12-month corrosion rates measured by coupon mass loss for the four metals exposed at the same sites. The data show that all sites have at least a C4 classification with most having C5 even though many are located over 1 km from the shoreline. The measured corrosion rates of different metals are often not in good agreement with those predicted using the environmental parameters, providing evidence that other climatic factors such as frequency of precipitation can modify the corrosion rates and distort the correlation with theoretical corrosion predictions and models. Spectroscopic analysis of corrosion products from exposed carbon steel coupons shows that large fractions of akaganeite form in high chloride environments, along with lepidocrocite and goethite. The oxides form in distinct layers on the steel surface. The amount of akaganeite formed is related to some extent by the precipitation frequency which controls if pollutants are regularly flushed from the steel surfaces.

Contains papers presented at a November 2000 symposium, examining laboratory evaluation methods, test methods, and model prediction in research on atmospheric corrosion, corrosion of rebar in concrete, marine corrosion, and other related corrosion phenomena. Topics include degradation of fiber reinf

The purpose of this book is to present and discuss the recent methods in corrosion evaluation and protection. The book contains six chapters. The aim of Chapter 1 is to demonstrate that Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy can be a very useful tool to provide a complete evaluation of the corrosion protection properties of electro-coatings. Chapter 2 presents results of studies of materials degradation from experimental electrochemical tests and theoretical calculations. Chapter 3 deals with the presentation of the corrosion and corrosion prevention of the aluminum alloys by organic coatings and inhibitors. Chapter 4 addresses the new method of pigment preparation that can improve protection efficiency. The effectiveness of plasma deposited films on the improvement of carbon steel corrosion resistance is discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 deals with the conjugation of carbon nanotubes with organic-inorganic hybrid to prepare hybrid coatings that combine high anti-corrosion efficiency with elevated mechanical resistance.

ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION Presents a comprehensive look at atmospheric corrosion, combining expertise in corrosion science and atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric corrosion has been a subject of engineering study, largely empirical, for nearly a century. Scientists came to the field rather later on and had considerable difficulty bringing their arsenal of tools to bear on the problem. Atmospheric corrosion was traditionally studied by specialists in corrosion having little knowledge of atmospheric chemistry, history, or prospects. Atmospheric Corrosion provides a combined approach bringing together experimental corrosion and atmospheric chemistry. The second edition expands on this approach by including environmental aspects of corrosion, atmospheric corrosion modeling, and international corrosion exposure programs. The combination of specialties provides a more comprehensive coverage of the topic. These scientific insights into the corrosion process and its amelioration are the focus of this book. Key topics include the following: Basic principles of atmospheric corrosion chemistry Corrosion mechanisms in controlled and uncontrolled environments Degradation of materials in architectural, transport, and structural applications; electronic devices; and cultural artifacts Protection of existing materials and choosing new ones that resist corrosion Prediction of how and where atmospheric corrosion may evolve in the future Complete with appendices discussing experimental techniques, computer models, and the degradation of specific metals, Atmospheric Corrosion, Second Edition continues to be an invaluable resource for corrosion scientists, corrosion engineers, conservators, environmental scientists, and anyone interested in the theory and application of this evolving field. The book concerns primarily the atmospheric corrosion of metals and is written at a level suitable for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students in any of the physical or engineering sciences.

The effects on atmospheric corrosivity of carriage of sea-salt inland from ocean coasts have been largely neglected by researchers except for regions within a few kilometers from the sea. In island nations, salt-affected zones can cover large percentages of total land area. The extent of carriage of sea-salt inland, and correlation to this of the corrosion rates of metals, is assessed in two areas of New Zealand. A sheltered surface collector is erected at each of 18 sites at up to 90 km inland. The site had been chosen to minimize the likelihood of industrial pollution. Each collection rack had attached to its top a test unit with an aluminum wire on a threaded stud (Climat test unit) and a rod holding a pair of steel coupons. There was very good correlation of the steel corrosion rate (48 weeks of exposure) to the log (chloride deposition), and to the 48-week average steel stud value in the 12-week Climat test. The Climat test, because of its ease of performance, thus seems to be a cost-effective means of assessing likely corrosion problems in purely marine environments. The results suggest that sea-salt mediated corrosion rates at distances 20 km and more inland are higher than might have been expected from published reports of studies on continental land masses.

The book addresses the subjects related to the selected aspects of pollutants emission, monitoring and their effects. The most of recent publications concentrated on the review of the pollutants emissions from industry, especially power sector. In this one emissions from opencast mining and transport are addressed as well. Beside of SOx and NOx emissions, small particles and other pollutants (e.g. VOC, ammonia) have adverse effect on environment and human being. The natural emissions (e.g. from volcanoes) has contribution to the pollutants concentration and atmospheric chemistry governs speciation of pollutants, as in the case of secondary acidification. The methods of ambient air pollution monitoring based on modern instrumentation allow the verification of dispersion models and balancing of mass emissions. The comfort of everyday human's activity is influenced by indoor and public transport vehicles interior air contamination, which is effected even by the professional appliances operation. The outdoor pollution leads to cultural heritage objects deterioration, the mechanism are studied and the methods of rehabilitation developed. However to prevent emissions the new technologies are being developed, the new class of these technologies are plasma processes, which are briefly reviewed at the final part of the book.

This book contains forty reviewed papers delivered at the International Congress on Molecular Biology and Cultural Heritage held in Seville, March 2003. It is divided in four parts, the first one presents the state-of-the-art and reviews molecular techniques applied to the study of microbial communities colonizing monuments and cultural heritage assets. Part two covers specific molecular techniques used in biodetereoration studies, part three includes an updated overview on on-going biodetereoration European Commission projects, and part four presents selected biodetereoration case studies from all over the world.