This field study evaluates the impact of replacing existing 17-inch Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors with 19 and 21-inch CRT monitors and 18.1-inch Flat Panel Displays (FPDs) on matrices of productivity, visual comfort, and physical discomfort among 30 employees within a large insurance company (Policy Service and Claims). Metrics were analyzed over a five (5) month period. During Phase One (initial eight weeks) of the study, metrics were gathered weekly on 17-inch CRT monitors to establish a baseline of data on productivity, visual comfort and physical discomfort. During Phase Two (12 weeks), each subject used the 19-inch CRT, 21-inch CRT and 18.1-inch FPD for two weeks, respectively interspersed with other subjects in the study utilizing 17-inch monitors for the same time period. Initially, it appears that the19-inch monitor enables users to enter more keystrokes per hour (X̄19 =1894) than its 17-inch counterpart (x̄1--=1721) which would be a productivity enhancement. However, this value is not statistically significant (p>0.34). Analysis of additional performance metrics yielded similar results (p>0.2). The users' level of visual comfort increased with all test display units over their existing 17-inch counterpart (p0.023), but the data was not meaningful due to the minute difference between their mean values ([delta]

Annotation This tutorial fully explains cathode ray tube (CRT) based displays in a single, easy-to-understand narrative. Detailed explanations and insights into performance properties and safety limits of the various glass melts follow a discussion of the fundamentals. In addition, other topics covered include the architectural differences between color and monochrome, the cathode (electron beam source) as a failure mode for all CRTs, types of cathodes available and their life expectancy. Phosphors, the metrics involved in defining a pixel and how distortions can influence the net results, defining CRT compliance with the DICOM Grayscale Standard Display Function (GSDF), test patterns and how they provide information about display performance, and video cards round out this informative work.

Measurements of the performance of five, high-brightness, monochrome, 21-inch viewing diagonal, portrait, CRT monitors with addressability of 2,048 x 2,560 pixels have been conducted, analyzed, and reported in accordance with consistent metrological practices developed by the NIDL. In terms of two performance metrics, the number of "resolvable pixels on grayscale imagery" and peak luminance, the monitors range in performance from 2.9 to 5.2 million pixels and from 240 candelas per square meter (70 footLamberts) to 514 cd/m2 (150fL). Although each monitor can address 2,048 x 2,560 pixels, each monitor achieves a different number of resolvable pixels because of differences in the size of the scanned electron beam spot at the phosphor screen. Measurements of the spot shape and size were conducted and plotted on the same scale to facilitate comparison. The range in peak luminance arises from the range in transmission of the CRT faceplate glass (30% to 50%), the efficiency of the phosphor screen, and the peak beam current the CRT and monitor circuitry were specified to operate at. Given a number of monitors all matched in peak brightness, those with low faceplate glass transmission are expected to provide visibly-higher contrast in brightly-lit viewing environments and, therefore, to better enable people to detect low-brightness, low-contrast detail in images. Given a number of monitors of the same peak brightness and transmission and under the same ambient lighting, those with a larger number of resolved pixels will provide a sharper looking image that better enables detection of detail. Given a number of monitors with the same transmission and resolvable number of pixels and under the same ambient lighting conditions, those with higher peak luminance and, therefore, higher dynamic range, are expected to better enable the detection of low-brightness, low-contrast pixels or small clusters of pixels in an image.

The image quality figure of merit of contrast is defined, explained, and discussed as applied to both cathode ray tube (CRT) and flat panel displays (FPDs). Currently acceptable requirements are discussed for both panel mounted and helmet mounted displays. The relationship between physical contrast and the human visual system also is discussed.

Provides you with specific maintenance and repair techniques that will save time. Includes details on how to use test equipment, troubleshooting tips, guidelines, and methods, and a chapter on flat-panel displays.

Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths in women in Europe, and demographic trends indicate a continuing increase in this substantial public health problem. Systematic early detection through screening, effective diagnostic pathways and optimal treatment have the ability to substantially lower current breast cancer mortality rates and reduce the burden of this disease in the population. This is the fourth edition of these guidelines which contains information on recommended standards and procedures for breast cancer screening and diagnostic services, including chapters on multi-disciplinary aspects of quality assurance, data collection and monitoring, effective communication of information, requirements of a specialist unit, and a certification protocol.

The big stories -- The skills of the new machines : technology races ahead -- Moore's law and the second half of the chessboard -- The digitization of just about everything -- Innovation : declining or recombining? -- Artificial and human intelligence in the second machine age -- Computing bounty -- Beyond GDP -- The spread -- The biggest winners : stars and superstars -- Implications of the bounty and the spread -- Learning to race with machines : recommendations for individuals -- Policy recommendations -- Long-term recommendations -- Technology and the future (which is very different from "technology is the future").