Seven years, seven continents, and thirty countries, from the African savannah to the barrios of Los Angeles, from New Zealand to Egypt, and Brazil to Burkina Faso, Chris Rainier documented the traditions of tattooing, scarification, piercing, and other forms of body altering art, the origins of which date back to the dawn of humankind. Ancient Marks reveals not only the haunting beauty of these often mystical forms, but also connects them to humanity's enduring efforts to tell stories, forge identity, and create links to the divine. "The human form became, through the brillance of inspired artistry, a sacred geography of the soul, a map of culture and myth expressed by forms painted, carved, or incised upon the canvas of the body" — Wade Davis. A former apprentice to Ansel Adams, award-winning Chris Rainier is considered one of the leading documentary photographers working today. Co-director of the National Geographic Society's Cultural Ethnosphere Program, he has traveled to all seven continents, including extensive expeditions throughout Africa, Antarctica, and New Guinea. Rainier's photography has been featured in Time, Life, Smithsonian, The New York Times, Outside, and is a contributing editor for National Geographic Traveler, a contributing photographer for National Geographic Adventure and a contributing correspondent for NPR's Day to Day.

The human desire to adorn the body is universal and timeless. While specific forms of body decoration and the motivations for them vary by region, culture, and era, all human societies have engaged in practices designed to augment and enhance people’s natural appearance. Tattooing, the process of inserting pigment into the skin to create permanent designs and patterns, is one of the most widespread forms of body art and was practiced by ancient cultures throughout the world, with tattoos appearing on human mummies by 3200 BCE. Ancient Ink, the first book dedicated to the archaeological study of tattooing, presents new, globe-spanning research examining tattooed human remains, tattoo tools, and ancient art. Connecting ancient body art traditions to modern culture through Indigenous communities and the work of contemporary tattoo artists, the volume’s contributors reveal the antiquity, durability, and significance of body decoration, illuminating how different societies have used their skin to construct their identities.

From the street gangs of East Los Angeles to the Maori of New Zealand, this volume covers 30 countries to visually document the age-old, ritualized act of painting, carving, incising or etching upon the canvas of the human form.

An investigation is made here of a marking and counting system used in Ancient Egypt similar to the one existing in Mesopotamia, during the fourth millennium BCE. Th e archaeological model indicates that, this development was crucial to the invention of writing and to social stratifi cation in both Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. Th is fact was corroborated by archaeological analysis of the areas, indicating a very early state formation at the beginning of the Middle Uruk Period in Mesopotamia, which corresponded to the Predynastic Period in Egypt. A correlation is made here of proto-signs from both areas, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, which was probably used for longrange trade between both regions.

Imagine for a moment that all the faerie tales you heard in the days of youth were true. That pixies and trolls and wizards really did roam the Earth in long ago days. You might wonder, "Where did they go?" They didn't go anywhere. In the shadows and hidden places of today's world, goblins sharpen their knives while ogres load their shotguns. Wizards ply their trade from the inner city, replacing lonely tower sanctums with towering skyscrapers. And humanity has no idea. Not until a man who does not come from the world we know stumbles across the unseen presence lurking outside common vision, prompting a pursuit that spans the globe to discover the mystery of the Nocnistu.

Revealing the secret history of punctuation, this tour of two thousand years of the written word, from ancient Greece to the Internet, explores the parallel histories of language and typography throughout the world and across time.