Ancient Supercontinents and the Paleogeography of Earth offers a systematic examination of Precambrian cratons and supercontinents. Through detailed maps of drift histories and paleogeography of each continent, this book examines topics related to Earth's tectonic evolution prior to Pangea, including plate kinematics, orogenic development, and paleoenvironments. Additionally, this book discusses the methodologies used, principally paleomagnetism and tectonostratigraphy, and addresses geophysical topics of mantle dynamics and geodynamo evolution over billions of years. Structured clearly with consistent coverage for Precambrian cratons, this book combines state-of-the-art paleomagnetic and geochronologic data to reconstruct the paleogeography of the Earth in the context of major climatic events such as global glaciations. It is an ideal, up-to-date reference for geoscientists and geographers looking for answers to questions surrounding the tectonic evolution of Earth. - Provides robust paleogeographies of Precambrian cratons based on high-quality paleomagnetic and geochronologic data and critically tested by global geological datasets - Includes links to updated databases for the Precambrian such as PALEOMAGIA and the Global Paleomagnetic Database (GPMDB) - Presents full-color maps of the drift histories of each continent as well as their paleogeographies - Discusses key questions regarding continental drift, the supercontinent cycle, and the geomagnetic dipole hypothesis and analyzes palaeography in the context of Earth's holistic evolution

Taking into account that in 2020 the Republic of Karelia marks its 100th anniversary, Ajax-PRESS publishing house presents the first guidebook for foreigners in English language in the series “ПОЛИГЛОТ” – about the most beautiful and interesting places of this multifaceted region.Year by year, the tourists flow to the Republic is growing, and now it has already reached 1.320.000 people per year. In the summer of 2019, travelers from 81 (!) countries visited the region. They are lovers of fishing and pilgrims to the Holy places, hunters to the pristine nature and tourists. Karelia offers holidays for every taste, even for the most demanding. Important to say, that the new unique mountain Park «Ruskeala» is noted as “an important place on the planet, necessary to visit” by British newspaper Daily Telegraph.Itineraries Around KareliaI Petrozavodsk is the City of Military Glory Itinerary 1. A Walking Tour of the City Itinerary 2. South of Petrozavodsk II Karelian Priladozhye (Lake Ladoga Coastal Area of Karelia) Itinerary 3. Sortavala District Itinerary 4. Lakhdenpokhya District Itinerary 5. Pitkyaranta District Itinerary 6. Olonets District III Northwest of Lake Onegо Itinerary 7. Kondopoga District Itinerary 8. Pryazha Interlakes Area Itinerary 9. Pryazha District IV Zaonezhye and the Eastern Shore of Obonezhye Itinerary 10. Medvezhyegorsk District Itinerary 11. Pudozh District V Northern Karelia Itinerary 12. White Sea Coastal Area of Karelia Itinerary 13. Karelian Pomorie (Coastal Area)

It was the Kalevala that initiated the process leading to the foundation of Finnish identity during the nineteenth century and was, therefore, one of the crucial factors in the formation of Finland as a new nation in the twentieth century.

Sea-level change has influenced human population globally since prehistoric times. Even in early phases of cultural development human populations were faced with marine regression and transgression as a result of changing climate and corresponding glacio-isostatic adjustment. Global marine regression during the last glaciation changed the palaeogeography of the continental shelf, converting former marine environments to attractive terrestrial habitats for prehistoric humans. These areas of the shelf were used as hunting and gathering areas, as migration routes between continents, and most probably witnessed the earliest developments in seafaring and marine exploitation, until the postglacial transgression re-submerged these palaeo-landscapes. Based on modern marine research technologies and the integration of large databases, proxy data are increasingly available for the reconstruction of Quaternary submerged landscapes. Also, prehistoric archaeological remains from the recent sea bottom are shedding new light on human prehistoric development driven by rapidly changing climate and environment. This publication contributes to the exchange of ideas and new results in this young and challenging field of underwater palaeoenvironmental investigation.

This trilingual poem book was written for you rodnoi rahvaz, my kith and kin, who are on a journey to reconnect with your Karelian identity and culture. The Karelian poems in this book are written with the Southern Dialect of Karelian Proper that is commonly called Suvikarjala. Poems are translated into Finnish and English. Tämä kolmekieline runokniiga on kirjutettu teilä, rodnoi rahvas, ket oletta karjalazen identitietan da kul'ttuuran lujendamizen matalla. Kniigan karjalankielizet runot on kirjutettu varsinkarjalan suvimurdehella libo suvikarjalaksi. Runot on kiännetty suomeksi da anglieksi. Tämä kolmikielinen runokirja on kirjoitettu teille rodnoi rahvas, sukuseutujeni väelle, jotka olette karjalaisen identiteetin ja kulttuurin vahvistamisen matkalla. Kirjan karjalankieliset runot on kirjoitettu varsinaiskarjalan eteläisellä murteella, jota suvikarjalaksikin usein kutsutaan. Runot on käännetty suomeksi ja englanniksi.

The conversion of the lands on the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea by Germans, Danes and Swedes in the period from 1150 to 1400 represented the last great struggle between Christianity and paganism on the European continent, but for the indigenous peoples of Finland, Livonia, Prussia, Lithuania and Pomerania, it was also a period of wider cultural conflict and transformation. Along with the Christian faith came a new and foreign culture: the German and Scandinavian languages of the crusaders and the Latin of their priests, new names for places, superior military technology, and churches and fortifications built of stone. For newly baptized populations, the acceptance of Christianity encompassed major changes in the organization and practice of political, religious and social life, entailing the acceptance of government by alien elites, of new cultic practices, and of new obligations such as taxes, tithes and military service in the armies of the Christian rulers. At the same time, as the Western conquerors carried their campaigns beyond pagan territory into the principalities of north-western Russia, the Baltic Crusades also developed into a struggle between Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. This collection of sixteen essays by both established and younger scholars explores the theme of clash of cultures from a variety of perspectives, discussing the nature and ideology of crusading in the medieval Baltic region, the struggle between Catholicism and Orthodoxy, and the cultural confrontation that accompanied the process of conversion, in subjects as diverse as religious observation, political structures, the practice of warfare, art and music, and perceptions of the landscape.