We analyze how regulatory constraints on household leverage—in the form of loan-to-income and loan-to-value limits—a?ect residential mortgage credit and house prices as well as other asset classes not directly targeted by the limits. Supervisory loan level data suggest that mortgage credit is reallocated from low-to high-income borrowers and from urban to rural counties. This reallocation weakens the feedback loop between credit and house prices and slows down house price growth in “hot” housing markets. Consistent with constrained lenders adjusting their portfolio choice, more-a?ected banks drive this reallocation and substitute their risk-taking into holdings of securities and corporate credit.

A comprehensive account of the rise and fall of the mortgage-securitization industry, which explains the complex roots of the 2008 financial crisis. More than a decade after the 2008 financial crisis plunged the world economy into recession, we still lack an adequate explanation for why it happened. Existing accounts identify a number of culpritsÑfinancial instruments, traders, regulators, capital flowsÑyet fail to grasp how the various puzzle pieces came together. The key, Neil Fligstein argues, is the convergence of major US banks on an identical business model: extracting money from the securitization of mortgages. But how, and why, did this convergence come about? The Banks Did It carefully takes the reader through the development of a banking industry dependent on mortgage securitization. Fligstein documents how banks, with help from the government, created the market for mortgage securities. The largest banksÑCountrywide Financial, Bear Stearns, Citibank, and Washington MutualÑsoon came to participate in every aspect of this market. Each firm originated mortgages, issued mortgage-backed securities, sold those securities, and, in many cases, acted as their own best customers by purchasing the same securities. Entirely reliant on the throughput of mortgages, these firms were unable to alter course even when it became clear that the market had turned on them in the mid-2000s. With the structural features of the banking industry in view, the rest of the story falls into place. Fligstein explains how the crisis was produced, where it spread, why regulators missed the warning signs, and how banksÕ dependence on mortgage securitization resulted in predatory lending and securities fraud. An illuminating account of the transformation of the American financial system, The Banks Did It offers important lessons for anyone with a stake in avoiding the next crisis.

An indepth look at the origins and development of the current financial crisis, from an economist and Washington insider. Jarsulic explains how a wide array of financial institutions, including mortgage banks, commercial banks, and investment banks created a credit bubble that supported nonprime mortgage lending and helped to inflate house prices.

Anatomy of a Meltdown: A Dual Financial Biography of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis, traces the course of two financial icons, Lehman Brothers and WaMuâ "one operating in the investment sector, the other in the consumer financial services sectorâ "on their path to financial ruin. Illuminating the nature and severity of the subprime mortgage crisis, author Michael P. Malloy presents a clear and cogent analysis of the global economic meltdown, the steps necessary to restore the financial markets, and measures that must be taken to avoid similar crises in the future. This clear and concise text by one of the foremost authorities on bank regulation features: comprehensive coverage of all of the fundamental law, policy, and practical issues raised by the crisis and the government's response to it the core of key cases preserved in timely and salient excerpts a balanced policy perspective step-by-step, highly readable analysis of the practical and policy implications of the subprime mortgage crisis the author's cutting-edge web log that offers continuously updated supplemental material generous use of examples throughout the text effective use of visual aids to illustrate concepts and spark class discussion Anatomy of a Meltdown: A Dual Financial Biography of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis, by Michael P. Malloy tells the story of the financial meltdown that swept through American and international markets, threatening to plunge the United States into depression as Wall Street and the global economy faced near-total collapse.