Excerpt from An Universal English-German and German-English Dictionary, Vol. 1 of 3: Two Parts in Three Volumes; First Part, English and German; A-K The original work has now for a long time been out of print. Time was indeed necessary to remodel a work of this kind which aims to embrace the chief part of the literature of recent times, and to give the more im portant terms used in the arts and sciences, in manufactures, in military and naval affairs, in the trades, and in the language as at present developed in works of fiction and poetry, and in periodicals of good standing as well as in the productions of everyday life, down to the regions of slang and cant such a task requires the attention and study of a lifetime. It is, however, not enough for a work of this kind to attempt to give a vocabulary of the last stage of development of the English language. We must remember that the present era opens with the names of Shakespeare and his contemporaries, of Bacon, Milton, and all the great poets and scholars, who determined the external form of the language for a long time to come, and that the exact explanation of many difficult terms used at the commencement of this era has scarcely begun. Touching this point, Todd, the worthiest successor of Johnson, was the first lexicographer to see the need of referring to the ear liest period of English literature for the right explanations of many words even of recent times. His researches 'into the language of Spenser, Milton, Gower, and Chaucer, as well as his intimate acquaintance with the older14 preface. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.