TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: UTILITY AND INTEREST Introduction 5 1.1 - Utility and Interest 6 1.2 - Rationality and public goods 7 1.3 - A quantitative determination of the group and a collective undertaking 8 1.4 - The prisoner¿s dilemma and the dominant strategy 10 1.5 Dimension of the groups and selective incentives 13 CHAPTER II: FOR AN UNORTHODOX THEORY OF RATIONALITY Introduction 17 2.1 - Freedom of choice and freedom of the mode of choice 20 2.2 - Strategic rationality and parametric rationality 23 2.3 - Cooperative solutions to the prisoner dilemma 25 2.3.1 Evolutionary emergence of cooperation 25 2.3.2 Cooperation as a dynamic process 26 2.3.3 Does being altruistic pay? 27 2.4 - Sub-intentional causality 28 2.4.1 Convince yourself to believe: Pascal 29 2.4.2 Force yourself to be coherent: Cartesius 29 2.4.3 Endogenous change of the preferences 30 2.4.4 Temporarily incoherent preferences 31 2.5 Super-intentional causality 32 2.6 How to explain altruism 32 2.6.1 Altruism and the social environment 33 2.7 - Altruism as a by-product 37 2.8 - Is altruism rational? 39 Conclusions 40 CHAPTER III: COLLECTIVE ACTION AND THE THEORY OF MOVEMENT Introduction 45 3.1 - Mobilization of resources and relative privation 45 3.2 - The Identity theory 46 3.3 - Identity and loyalty: two models compared 47 3.4 - Identity and recognition 48 3.5 - Private happiness and public happiness 50 3.6 ¿ Identity and contract 51 3.7 - Conditions of cooperation 53 3.8 - Strategy and identity 54 CHAPTER IV: SOCIAL CAPITAL AS A RESOURCE FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION 4. 1 - For a definition of social capital 57 4.2 - Form and genesis of social capital 59 CHAPTER V: SEARCHING FOR LOST ALTRUISM 5.1 - Anti-utilitarianism 63 5.2 - Altruism and social capital 70 Bibliography 79.

Many people participate in religion "for the community." This motive can be better understood, first, by taking from the recent "social capital" literature the insight that social ties are economic assets, and second, by using the analytical tools of game theory to show how social capital can be interpreted as a matrix of interpersonal attitudes and expectations that facilitate cooperation in "reciprocity games." Among these attitudes and expectations are (a) stability of social ties or loyalty, (b) trust or expectation of reciprocation, and (c) altruism. Religions promote stable social ties through regular worship, and trust through the teaching of moral rules that serves as a behavioral filter. They also try to promote altruism but whether they succeed is not readily observable. However, an evolutionary argument suggests that natural selection will have favored religions that know how to encourage in their members altruism towards co-religionists, though not necessarily towards outsiders.

Updated to include a new chapter about the influence of social media and the Internet—the 20th anniversary edition of Bowling Alone remains a seminal work of social analysis, and its examination of what happened to our sense of community remains more relevant than ever in today’s fractured America. Twenty years, ago, Robert D. Putnam made a seemingly simple observation: once we bowled in leagues, usually after work; but no longer. This seemingly small phenomenon symbolized a significant social change that became the basis of the acclaimed bestseller, Bowling Alone, which The Washington Post called “a very important book” and Putnam, “the de Tocqueville of our generation.” Bowling Alone surveyed in detail Americans’ changing behavior over the decades, showing how we had become increasingly disconnected from family, friends, neighbors, and social structures, whether it’s with the PTA, church, clubs, political parties, or bowling leagues. In the revised edition of his classic work, Putnam shows how our shrinking access to the “social capital” that is the reward of communal activity and community sharing still poses a serious threat to our civic and personal health, and how these consequences have a new resonance for our divided country today. He includes critical new material on the pervasive influence of social media and the internet, which has introduced previously unthinkable opportunities for social connection—as well as unprecedented levels of alienation and isolation. At the time of its publication, Putnam’s then-groundbreaking work showed how social bonds are the most powerful predictor of life satisfaction, and how the loss of social capital is felt in critical ways, acting as a strong predictor of crime rates and other measures of neighborhood quality of life, and affecting our health in other ways. While the ways in which we connect, or become disconnected, have changed over the decades, his central argument remains as powerful and urgent as ever: mending our frayed social capital is key to preserving the very fabric of our society.

The main thesis advanced in this study is that altruism cannot be excluded from a well-being model, otherwise the model will not be able to reflect the actual capability of a society to acquire well-being. On one hand, the unclear importance of altruism in well-being is caused by the obscure relationship between altruism and transfer behaviour. On the other hand, some altruism models face limitations in their acceptance of the possibility of altruism being extended to people beyond family members. Through mathematical models, this study provides a solution to these problems in two ways. First, inspired by 'Varieties of altruism' from Phillip Kitcher in 2010, the relationship between psychological and behavioural altruism is precisely defined. Second, the imperfect information assumption is applied in the model.

Volume 32 of Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (RPHRM) contains seven papers on important issues in the field of human resources management. The subject matter in this volume covers myriad areas: compensation, performance evaluation, reputation, employee furloughs, and research methodology.