First published in 1995: Alternative Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals in the Cosmetic Industry presents a categorization and collection of information available for the evaluation of safety using in vitro techniques. It offers a comprehensive and complete look at the entire field. In doing so, the author provides the foundation for the next phase of significant growth for this discipline.

In the present update, the state-of-the-art with respect to the validated methods of the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) strategy of Russell et al. (1959), is incorporated with emphasis on New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). In view of the testing and marketing bans in the cosmetic regulation, the SCCS gives special attention to those alternative methods that are suitable for the safety testing of cosmetic substances. New methodologies for risk assessment of chemicals without using animal experimentation are worldwide being explored. Attention is given here to Next-Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) as a possible framework for the safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients and the NAMs that would fit into this structure (Rogiers et al., 2020). Risk assessment of cosmetics and their ingredients is shifting towards a strategic combination of NAMs and new technology with historical animal data, if available, to come to a Weight of Evidence (WoE) decision making approach. Although the "Notes of Guidance" are concerned with the testing and safety evaluation of the cosmetic substances listed in the Annexes of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and those for which safety concerns have been expressed, they could be also of interest for all substances intended to be incorporated in a cosmetic product. Even though the "Notes of Guidance" have not been written for the latter purpose, they can indeed be of practical use in making a Product Information File (PIF) for a finished cosmetic product as currently required by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009.

Since July 2013, Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 applies for cosmetic products. Their safety-in-use is, as was also the case for Directive 76/768/EEC, established by controlling the safety of the ingredients. For those ingredients for which some concern exists with respect to human health (e.g. colourants, preservatives, UV-filters, hair dyes), safety evaluation is done at the Commission level by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). These substances are addressed in the Annexes of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009. For the safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients, all available scientific data are considered, taking into account the testing and marketing bans in force under Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009. This includes the physical and chemical properties of the compounds under investigation, in silico data such as results obtained from (Q)SAR {(Quantitative) Structure Activity Relationship} modelling, chemical categories, grouping, read-across, Physiologically-Based PharmacoKinetics (PBPK) / ToxicoKinetics (PBTK) modelling, in vitro and ex vivo experimental results and data obtained from animal studies (in vivo) that have been carried out for the purpose of cosmetics before the testing and marketing bans. The animal testing ban on finished cosmetic products applies since 11 September 2004; the testing ban on ingredients or combination of ingredients applies since 11 March 2009. The marketing ban applies since 11 March 2009 for all human health effects with the exception of repeated-dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and toxicokinetics. For these specific health effects, the marketing ban applies since 11 March 2013, irrespective of the availability of alternative non-animal methods. In addition, clinical data, epidemiological studies, information derived from accidents, data from Post-Marketing Surveillance (PMS) or other human data are also taken into consideration. In the present update, the state-of-the-art with respect to the validated methods of the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) strategy of Russell et al. (1959), is incorporated with emphasis on New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). In view of the testing and marketing bans in the cosmetic regulation, the SCCS gives special attention to those alternative methods that are suitable for the safety testing of cosmetic substances. Although the "Notes of Guidance" are concerned with the testing and safety evaluation of the cosmetic substances listed in the Annexes of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and those for which safety concerns have been expressed, they could be also of interest for all substances intended to be incorporated in a cosmetic product. Even though the "Notes of Guidance" have not been written for the latter purpose, they can indeed be of practical use in making a Product Information File (PIF) for a finished cosmetic product as currently required by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009. The "Notes of Guidance" should not be seen as a prescriptive procedure, but rather as an approach that may need to be adapted on a case-by-case basis when evaluating the safety of the Annex substances. However, when major deviations from standardised protocols/procedures in the safety evaluation process have been adopted, it is essential that Applicants provide scientific justification. The "Notes of Guidance" will be revised as scientifically required on the basis of scientific advances in toxicology and validated alternative methods or legislative changes.

This book defines the use of computational approaches to predict the environmental toxicity and human health effects of organic chemicals.

Animal experimentation has long been a controversial issue with impassioned arguments on both sides of the debate. Increasingly it has become more expedient and feasible to develop new methods that avoid the use of animals. There is agreement on both sides that reduction and refinement of experiments on animals should be an important goal for the industries involved. Alternatives to Animal Testing, written by leading experts in the field, discusses the issues involved and approaches that can be taken. Topics include; the safety evaluation of chemicals, international validation and barriers to the validation of alternative tests, in vitro testing for endocrine disruptors, intelligent approaches to safety evaluation of chemicals, alternative tests and the regulatory framework. The book provides an up-to-date discussion of the current state of development of alternatives to animal testing and is ideal for professionals and academics in the field. It would also be of use for graduate students wishing to pursue a career in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Chemicals are an essential part of everyday life and all too-often taken for granted, yet often portrayed negatively in the media. Concern over the deleterious effects of chemicals to the environment and human health have prompted governments in the developed world to establish screening programmes such as REACH and HPV Challenge to identify chemicals presenting the greatest degree of risk to health and the environment. While such programmes identify chemicals with the greatest risk, there is no ranking system for alternative chemicals, which while being potentially less harmful, still carry a degree of risk. This volume of the Issues in Environmental Science and Technology series investigates how the alternatives can be assessed and their risk determined. With contributions from experts across the globe, this volume addresses some of the key concepts behind risk assessment of alternative chemicals. Some of the current protocols adopted are discussed, and several chapters explore the topic in the context of industry, making this book essential reading for industrialists as well as academics, postgraduate students and policy makers.