Freeway ramp metering systems have been used to improve urban freeway flow. However, control strategies must be properly adjusted to account for ramp queues overflowing onto surface streets and provide equitable on-ramp control during various operating periods. An improved solution can be obtained by optimizing this problem simultaneously for a group of time slices. This study identifies and examines a microcomputer-based optimization scheme that can assist in developing efficient freeway control strategies for on-line freeway surveillance and control. A multi-level freeway control structure is employed for which ramp metering control algorithms are developed for each level of control. Flow-based and lane occupancy-based system algorithms are presented. Detailed data file requirements are provided for each control level. A microcomputer prototype, or laboratory test version of the system level, will be described in a companion project report.

This dissertation investigates various aspect of the design and testing of on-ramp metering control systems, including optimization-based control and microscopic freeway modeling. A new technique for generating optimal metering plans is developed. As with most predictive designs, the ramp metering rates are found as the solution to a nonlinear optimization problem. In contrast to previous designs, the new approach 1) produces a globally optimal solution to the nonlinear problem, 2) requires only to solve a single linear program, and 3) allows the enforcement of hard constraints on the on-ramp queue lengths. The price that is paid for these features is that the objective function being minimized is not Total Travel Time, but rather a member of a class of "TTT-like" objective functions. A TTT-like objective function is defined as a linear combination of mainline flows with weights that, similarly to the Total Travel Time cost weights, decrease linearly in time from some initial value to zero at the final time. An example application of the technique shows that the globally optimal metering plan with respect to a TTT-like objective function also performs well in terms of Total Travel Time. A macroscopic analysis of local traffic-responsive ramp metering on a short stretch of freeway, with a single on-ramp and no offramps, is also presented. The study compares the performance of two popular local traffic-responsive ramp metering algorithms: Alinea and Percent-Occupancy, and addresses issues pertaining to parameter tuning and loop-detector placement. The second half of the dissertation describes the construction of a detailed microsimulation model of a stretch of Interstate 210 in Pasadena, CA. The VISSIM microsimulation package was used to create this model. Descriptions of the data gathering and processing procedures, bottleneck identification, network coding, and model calibration are provided. The model is used to test the performance of candidate local traffic-responsive controllers. Questions concerning the relative merits of these controllers, parameter tuning, and loop-detector placement are addressed in the context of the large-scale microscopic model.

This book describes how control of distributed systems can be advanced by an integration of control, communication, and computation. The global control objectives are met by judicious combinations of local and nonlocal observations taking advantage of various forms of communication exchanges between distributed controllers. Control architectures are considered according to increasing degrees of cooperation of local controllers: fully distributed or decentralized control, control with communication between controllers, coordination control, and multilevel control. The book covers also topics bridging computer science, communication, and control, like communication for control of networks, average consensus for distributed systems, and modeling and verification of discrete and of hybrid systems. Examples and case studies are introduced in the first part of the text and developed throughout the book. They include: control of underwater vehicles, automated-guided vehicles on a container terminal, control of a printer as a complex machine, and control of an electric power system. The book is composed of short essays each within eight pages, including suggestions and references for further research and reading. By reading the essays collected in the book Coordination Control of Distributed Systems, graduate students and post-docs will be introduced to the research frontiers in control of decentralized and of distributed systems. Control theorists and practitioners with backgrounds in electrical, mechanical, civil and aerospace engineering will find in the book information and inspiration to transfer to their fields of interest the state-of-art in coordination control.

The main focus of this study is congestion, primarily that occurring on freeway corridors in metropolitan areas. Lack of coordination in the operation of various components of the system is often a major source of inefficiency, resulting in greater delays to motorists than what might be achievable with the existing physical infrastructure. The main objective of the study is to improve corridor network management by coordinating the various control elements in a freeway corridor, for both recurrent and nonrecurrent congestion situations.