Main findings -- Policy implications -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Research goals and questions -- Outline of the report -- Policy context for adult education in California -- Public and private providers in the state -- Dual-provider system -- Funding issues facing adult schools -- The English-language proficiency of California's immigrants -- The ESL target population in California -- Predicted enrollment -- Summary -- Enrollment in ESL programs -- ESL enrollment: regional variation -- Trends in enrollment in public providers -- ESL enrollment and ADA units -- Where is enrollment constrained? -- Teaching for free? -- Summary -- Policy implications and conclusion -- Policy consequences of overenrolled courses -- Partial reform of the adult school funding formula -- How much does partial reform of the funding formula help? -- Policy implications -- Summary -- Appendix A. Notes on data and methods -- Appendix B. Estimates and results -- References.