The cuprous-bromide-catalyzed reaction of t-butyl perbenzoate and bicyclo-(3.2.1)-octene-2 (I) results in the formation of exo(axial) -bicyclo-(3.2.1)-oct-3-en-2-yl benzoate (IIIa) which contains

Addition Reactions with Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Provides comprehensive coverage of the atom-economic approach to functionalized molecules using unsaturated hydrocarbons as starting materials Unsaturated hydrocarbons have emerged as an important class of fundamental starting materials in organic synthesis. Synthetic methodologies incorporating unsaturated hydrocarbons continue to expand due to their numerous applications in the synthesis of a vast array of chemicals. Addition Reactions with Unsaturated Hydrocarbons presents an up-to-date overview of modern methods that utilize reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons as building blocks of organic synthesis, covering the conceptual and practical knowledge required for designing atom-efficient reactions to synthesize functionalized molecules. This authoritative volume discusses homo-dimerization and cross-dimerization of alkynes and/or alkenes, synthesis of carbonyl compounds from the hydration of alkynes, cycloadditions of alkynes and alkenes for the synthesis of carbocycles and heterocycles, double functionalization of alkynes and alkenes by addition reactions of element-element bonds, and more. Summarizes the most recent developments in the reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons Features more than 600 schemes describing typical reactions starting from unsaturated hydrocarbons Covers topics such as alkynylated reactions, addition and cycloaddition reactions of alkynes and alkenes, and carbonylation of alkynes and alkenes with carbon monoxide Includes examples of synthesis procedures of natural products involving alkyne transformation With comprehensive coverage of important reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons, Addition Reactions with Unsaturated Hydrocarbons is a valuable resource for organic chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, and biochemists in both academia and industry as well as an excellent reference text for graduate students in relevant areas of chemistry.

The internal combustion engine was invented around 1790 by various scientists and engineers worldwide. Since then the engines have gone through many modifications and improvements. Today, different applications of engines form a significant technological importance in our everyday lives, leading to the evolution of our modern civilization. The invention of diesel and gasoline engines has definitely changed our lifestyles as well as shaped our priorities. The current engines serve innumerable applications in various types of transportation, in harsh environments, in construction, in diverse industries, and also as back-up power supply systems for hospitals, security departments, and other institutions. However, heavy duty or light duty engines have certain major disadvantages, which are well known to everyone. With the increasing usage of diesel and gasoline engines, and the constantly rising number of vehicles worldwide, the main concern nowadays is engine exhaust emissions. This book looks at basic phenomena related to diesel and gasoline engines, combustion, alternative fuels, exhaust emissions, and mitigations.

hemistry is the science about breaking and forming of bonds between atoms. One of the most important processes for organic chemistry is breaking bonds C–H, as well as C–C in various compounds, and primarily, in hydrocarbons. Among hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, hexane etc. ), are especially attractive as substrates for chemical transformations. This is because, on the one hand, alkanes are the main constituents of oil and natural gas, and consequently are the principal feedstocks for chemical industry. On the other hand, these substances are known to be the less reactive organic compounds. Saturated hydrocarbons may be called the “noble gases of organic chemistry” and, if so, the first representative of their family – methane – may be compared with extremely inert helium. As in all comparisons, this parallel between noble gases and alkanes is not fully accurate. Indeed the transformations of alkanes, including methane, have been known for a long time. These reactions involve the interaction with molecular oxygen from air (burning – the main source of energy!), as well as some mutual interconversions of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. However, all these transformations occur at elevated temperatures (higher than 300–500 °C) and are usually characterized by a lack of selectivity. The conversion of alkanes into carbon dioxide and water during burning is an extremely valuable process – but not from a chemist viewpoint.