In order to meet the accounting and financial reporting needs of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR) has proposed the adoption of a three-tier approach applicable to all types of SMEs, particularly those in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. This publication sets out guidance for level 3 enterprises, applicable to smaller companies which are often owner-managed and have a small number of employees. The approach proposed is accruals-based accounting, based on that set out in international accounting standards, but closely linked to cash transactions.

In order to meet the accounting and financial reporting needs of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR) has proposed the adoption of a three-tier approach applicable to all types of SMEs, particularly those in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. This publication sets out guidance for level 2 enterprises, applicable to larger business enterprises whose shares are not publicly traded and those in which there is no significant public interest. The approach proposed is accruals-based accounting, based on that set out in international accounting standards.

The SMEGA Level 3 Guidance is designed for financial statements of smaller enterprises that are often owner-managed and have no or few employees. Such enterprises should generally follow a simplified accruals-based accounting system that is closely linked to cash transactions. The SMEGA Level 3 Guidance is intended to meet the needs of users and preparers of financial statements for these enterprises.

The SMEGA Level 3 Guidance is designed for financial statements of smaller enterprises that are often owner-managed and have no or few employees. Such enterprises should generally follow a simplified accruals-based accounting system that is closely linked to cash transactions. The SMEGA Level 3 Guidance is intended to meet the needs of users and preparers of financial statements for these enterprises.

The fiscal market is an unpredictable torrent of information that modern organizations strive to understand. Business professionals dedicate themselves to understanding uncertain results around economic performance to improve management, reporting standards, and predict trends in financial statements. International Financial Reporting Standards and New Directions in Earnings Management is an essential reference source that discusses identifying the behavioral patterns of managers and the accounting policies they use in different opportunistic circumstances. Featuring research on topics such as earnings quality, risk reports, and investor protection, this book is ideal for regulatory authorities, accountants, impression managers, auditors, academics, students, and researchers seeking coverage on the theoretical, empirical, and experimental studies that relate to the different themes within earnings management.

Richard Wittsiepe analyses the relevant IFRS statements with a view to possibly integrating them into existing workflows in an annual audit. He weighs the key issues of conversion by comparing them with the 4th EU Directive for accounting within the EU. The aim is to visualise the workflows as the basis for creating support software which can make a key contribution to cost-effective conversion.

This research monograph examines whether International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are interpreted and applied in a consistent manner within and across countries, and questions the implicit assumption that accounting convergence will automatically lead to comparability in financial reporting.