Early modern physicians and surgeons tried desperately to understand breast cancer, testing new medicines and radically improving operating techniques. In this study, the first of its kind, Kaartinen explores the emotional responses of patients and their families to the disease in the long eighteenth century.

This is a study of the evolution of the principles and techniques of cranial surgery from Hippocrates to the nineteenth century. The methods of conveying information by text and image are considered. Cranial Surgery Printing and Images Surgeons Conservatism