It is increasingly recognized that the economic value of forests is not merely the production of timber. Forests provide other key ecosystem services, such as being sinks for greenhouse gases, hotspots of biodiversity, tourism and recreation. They are also vitally important in preventing soil erosion and controlling water supplies, as well as providing non-timber forest products and supporting the livelihoods of many local people. This handbook provides a detailed, comprehensive and broad coverage of forest economics, including traditional forest economics of timber production, economics of environmental role of forests, and recent developments in forest economics. The chapters are grouped into six parts: fundamental topics in forest resource economics; economics of forest ecosystems; economics of forests, climate change, and bioenergy; economics of risk, uncertainty, and natural disturbances; economics of forest property rights and certification; and emerging issues and developments. Written by leading environmental, forest, and natural resource economists, the book represents a definitive reference volume for students of economics, environment, forestry and natural resource economics and management.

1. The book is designed for preparation of civil services exams 2. It is divided into 4 papers and segmented into topics. 3. Last 5 Years solved papers are given to understand the changing paper. 4. Chapterwise Questions are provided from 2020 to 1997 for practice. 5. Solved Papers 2020-2017 are given for practice. Candidates, who are appearing in IAS Main Exams, are always in need of comprehensive and accurate study material which could actually serve the purpose for the smart and cumulative understanding of the subject. General Studies is a very dynamic topic which requires in depth analysis and vast knowledge. With the current edition of "IAS Mains General Studies Chapterwise Solved Papers 2020-1997" candidates are guided with the authentic source of information following the current paper pattern. The book is divided into 4 Parts providing complete practice of each paper. Every chapter is loaded with good number of questions from 1997 to 2020 along with detailed solutions. Solved Papers (2020-2017) are provided to get the better insight of the question papers and its pattern. TOC Solved Paper 2020-2017 (Paper - I, II, III, IV), Paper I – Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society, Paper II – Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations, Paper III – Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management, Paper IV – Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude.

Forestry Economics introduces students and practitioners to all aspects of the management and economics of forestry. The book adopts the approach of managerial economics textbooks and applies this to the unique processes and problems faced by managers of forests. While most forestry economics books are written by economists for future economists, what many future forest and natural resource managers need is to understand what economic information is and how to use it to make better business and management decisions. John E. Wagner draws on his twenty years of experience teaching and working in the field of forest resource economics to present students with an accessible understanding of the unique production processes and problems faced by forest and other natural resource managers. There are three unique features of this book: The first is its organization. The material is organized around two common economic models used in forest and natural resources management decision making. The second is the use of case studies from various disciplines: Outdoor and Commercial Recreation, Wood Products Engineering, Forest Products, and Forestry. The purpose of these case studies is to provide students with applications of the concepts being discussed within the text. The third is revisiting the question of how to use economic information to make better business decisions at the end of each chapter. This ties each chapter to the preceding ones and reinforces the hypothesis that a solid working knowledge of these economic models and the information they contain are necessary for making better business decisions. This textbook is an invaluable source of clear and accessible information on forestry economics and management for not only economics students, but for students of other disciplines and those already working in forestry and natural resources.