Three numerical experiments were conducted to understand the role of the Gulf Stream and the Appalachian mountains on the formation of coastal frontogenesis along the mid-Atlantic coast during the winter months. A 3-dimensional, 10-layer, 1-way interactive, triple-nested hydrostatic model was used. The model physics includes dry convective adjustment, explicit large-scale precipitation, parameterized convective-scale circulations, and parameterized boundary layer physics using a similarity theory formulation. Initial conditions for the numerical model are obtained from the Second intensive Observation Period (IOP-2) of the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE). Results of the numerical experiments show that the Gulf Stream plays a significant role in developing coastal frontogenesis through transfer of large amounts of sensible and latent heats to the cold, dry atmospheric air of Arctic origin. The Gulf Stream is also found to be crucial in producing convective precipitation along the Carolina coast. On the other hand, the Appalachian mountains, which are responsible for cold air damming, are found to play only a minor role in the coastal frontogenesis. (AN).

Numerical studies in the Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary System (CAPES), are urgently needed for water quality control, environment protection and disastermitigation. In this study, a three-dimensional primitive equation hydrostatic model withhigh horizontal resolution is configured for the CAPES and its adjacent shelf toinvestigate barotropic/baroclinic wind driven circulation and sea level changes, riverdischarge induced flow, barotropic M2 tide, tidal current and tide-residual current. A newinundation/drying scheme is developed to allow the water-land boundary in the model tomove for simulating hurricane-induced coastal flooding and drying. This inundationalgorithm is based on the sea surface height relative to the adjacent topography, as well asthe distance traveled by the coastal interface, which is determined by the current speedimmediately seaward of the sea-land boundary. The main conclusions of this study are summarized below: (1) The verticalstructure of the wind driven circulation is more complicated in the coastal regions than inthe open area. On the open sea it follows a frictional Ekman equilibrium. (2) Thebaroclinic wind-driven current in the CAPES is over 40 cm/s in some regions due to greatvariations of the salinity distribution. (3) Stream flow nudging is a better method forspecifying the flux boundary condition near a river mouth than the barotropic-flowmethod in simulating river discharge induced flow. In annual mean case, such flow canbe ignored for its contribution to the coastal circulation, however, it could not be ignoredin flood cases. (4) M2 tide is much higher near the coast than inside the CAPES, but M2tidal currents in some regions inside Pamlico Sound can be greater than outside. Therelatively small M2 tide-induced residual current is stable and may have potential effectson long-term cross shelf transport. (5) Mass conservation must be considered in a closedor near closed estuary region when the inundation process is studied, and surfa.

Excerpt from Coastal and Inlet Processes Numerical Modeling System for Oregon Inlet, North Carolina Col Tilford C. Creel, ce, and col Robert C. Lee, ce, were Commanders and Directors of wes during the preparation of this report. Col Allen F. Grum, usa, was Director of wes during the publication of this report. Mr. Fred R. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Keywords: numerical model, Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary System, CAPES, wind driven circulation, tide, tidal current, river discharge flow, inundation, storm surge.