The present meta-analysis used meta-analytic techniques to determine the patterns of mean-level change in vocational interests from early adolescence (age 12) to the end of emerging adulthood (age 24.9). Results showed that vocational interests show a clear pattern of normative change. Across gender, Investigative, Artistic, Social and Enterprising interests were found to increase across the studied period, with the greatest changes in mean-levels occurring during middle- through late-adolescence into emerging adulthood. Conventional interests were found to increase for women and decrease for men during the same period. However, contrary to stereotypes, Realistic interests increased in women and decreased in men. Gender was also a moderating factor in mean-level changes of basic interests. Longer studies showed greater change. The ages at which the greatest change occurred were markedly different across general and basic interest categories, suggesting differential rates or timelines of development across the broad band of interests.

Intellectual styles are individuals' preferred ways of using the abilities that they possess. The extent to which one can change his or her intellectual style is a question of interest to both researchers and the general public. This book presents the first comprehensive and systematic review of existing research on the malleability of intellectual styles. By critically analyzing research findings derived from both cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations performed over the past seven decades, Li-fang Zhang demonstrates that intellectual styles can be modified through both socialization and purposeful training. Professor Zhang elucidates the heuristic value of these findings for the development of adaptive intellectual styles in both academic and non-academic settings. She proposes further avenues of research that might advance scholarly understanding of the nature of and the potential for modifying intellectual styles.

This completely revised and updated Fourth Edition of the Handbook of Counseling Psychology presents a cross-disciplinary survey of the entire field?combining a scholarly review of important areas of counseling psychology with current and insightful analyses of topics. The new edition equips you with a leading resource containing the latest information on the prevention and treatment of vocational, educational, and personal adjustment problems.