Portugal is one of the richest countries in thermal and mineral water resources of the world. These thermal and mineral waters show a large variety in chemical compositions. From around 500 mineral springs and wells the chemical compositions were collected from public sources and these are plotted on maps that show the distribution of 13 different elements (lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, iron, fluoride, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, carbonate, sulphide and silica) as well as the total dissolved solids and the pH. These maps show how the chemistry of the thermal and mineral waters are related to the very diverse geology of Portugal. The maps that are presented in this Atlas are very useful for several scientific and geochemical purposes, such as geological, chemical, medical and environmental sciences, as well as technological applications in industry, balneotherapy and geothermics. It is hoped that the publication of this Atlas will increase the interest in the geochemistry of the Portuguese thermal and mineral resources and that in the near future more detailed studies involving also chemical analysis of minor and trace elements are presented which would enlarge the application of a new geochemical atlas either in environmental geochemistry or in medical geochemical domains.

In Europe, ca. 1900 "mineral water" brandsare officially registered and bottled for drinking. Bottled waters isgroundwater and is in large parts of the continent rapidly developing into themain supply of drinking water for the general population.This book is the first state of the art overview of the chemistry ofgroundwaters from 40 European countries from Portugal to Russia, measured on1785 bottled water samples, equivalent to 1189 distinct bottled water brandsfrom 1247 wells in 884 locations plus an additional 500 tap water samplesacquired in 2008 by the network of EuroGeoSurveys experts all across Europe.In contrast to previously available compilations, all chemical data (containedon the enclosed CD) were measured in a single laboratory, under strict qualitycontrol with high internal and external reproducibility, affording a singlehigh quality, internally consistent dataset. More than 70 parameters weredetermined on every sample using state of the art analytical techniques withultra low detection limits (ICPMS, ICPOES, IC) at a single hydrochemical labfacility. Because of the wide geographical distributionof the water sources across 40 European countries, the bottled mineral,drinking and tap waters characterized herein may be used for obtaining a firstestimate of "ground- water geochemistry" at the scale of the EuropeanContinent, previously unavailable in this completeness, quality and coverage.The data published here allow for the first time to present a comprehensiveinternally consistent, overview of the natural distribution and variation ofthe determined chemical elements and additional state parameters of groundwaterat the European scale. Most elements show a very widerange, usually 3 to 4 but up to 7 orders of magnitude, of natural variation of their concentration. Data are interpreted in terms of their origin, considering hydrochemical parameters, such as the influence of soil, vegetation cover and mixing with deep waters, as well as other factors (bottling effects, leaching from bottles). A chapter is devoted to comparing the results from the bottled waters with those of European tap waters and previously published datasets. The authors also provide an overview of the legal framework, that any bottled water sold in the European Union must comply with. It provides a comprehensive compilation of current drinking water action levels in European countries, limiting values of the European Drinking/Mineral/Natural Mineral Water directives (1998/83/EC, 2003/40/EC, 2009/54/EC) and legislation in effect in 26 individual European Countries, and for comparison those of the FAO and in effect in the US (EPA, maximum contaminant levels [MCA]). The accompanying CD contains the extensive data sets, sample data (of 1189 different brands) and two previously published European water chemistry data sets.

Medical Geology is a rapidly growing field concerned with the relationship between natural geological factors and human and animal health, as well as with improving our understanding of the influence of environmental factors on the geographical distribution of health problems. This book brings together the work of geoscientists and medical/public health researchers, which addresses health problems caused, or exacerbated by geological materials (rocks, minerals, atmospheric dust and water) and processes (including volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Among the environmental health problems discussed in this book are: exposure to toxic levels of trace essential and non-essential elements such as arsenic and mercury; trace element deficiencies; exposure to natural dusts and to radioactivity; naturally occurring organic compounds in drinking water; volcanic emissions, etc. The text also deals with the many health benefits of geologic materials and processes. This wide-ranging volume covers issues in medical geology all over the world with each author covering their respective region. It provides examples from different continents as well as a state-of-the-art review of the latest developments in the discipline. The authors are all recognized geoscientific and medical experts working in the field. The book is written for a wide variety of specialists from geologists, geochemists, pathologists and medical doctors to veterinarians and biologists.

This book comprises the peer-reviewed proceedings of the 1st Conference on Georesources, Geomaterials, Geotechnologies and Geoenvironment (4GEO), Porto, Portugal, on November 7–8, 2019. The book interests all researchers, practitioners, and students in engineering geosciences, geotechnics, georesources, materials engineering, and earth and environmental sciences. Georesources, geomaterials, geotechnologies, and geoenvironment are very topical subjects and therefore deserve a deeper reflection by academia, practitioners, and society. That approach is vital to a correct sustainable resource management and an engineering design with nature within a geoethical framework. Georesources, understood as geological, hydrological and energetic resources are greatly important to society. Minerals, rocks, and water are resources that, over time, have assumed an important role in the technological development of communities. Given the increase in population and the increasing needs and intensification of their use, it is very important to ensure their sustainable management. Geomaterials are functional geological materials artificially processed for the generality of the activities developed by societies. The functional geomaterials may include rock, clay, granular materials, treated soils, and industrial waste. Geotechnologies are a very important tool for decision-making, supporting the collection, mapping, processing, and analysis of data with geographical information systems and other geo-techniques used in the most diverse fields, including to support the monitoring and prediction of geohazards. The geoenvironment is a transversal field that identifies continuous earth changes and to find solutions to the resulting socioeconomic and environmental changes. Climate change, industrialization, and anthropic activity are, among others, factors of pressure and alteration of the natural environment, so minimizing impacts and emerging hazards and risks. Main topics include: 1. Geomaterials, Geotechnics, and Georesources2. Geotechnologies, Engineering Geosciences, and Geohazards3. Geoenvironment, Water, and Climate Change

This book is a collection of papers presented in the 30th International Geological Congress, held in Beijing, on geochemistry. The papers deal with topics on fluid-rock interaction, geochemical kinetics, geochemical mapping, environmental geochemistry, and exploration geochemistry.

This book is a collection of papers presented in the 30th International Geological Congress, held in Beijing, on geochemistry. The papers deal with topics on fluid-rock interaction, geochemical kinetics, geochemical mapping, environmental geochemistry, and exploration geochemistry.