A framework for agency use of public input in resource decision-making is proposed. Five processes are outlined- - issue definition; collection (techniques which yield public input); analysis (the summary and display of the nature, content, and extent of public input); evaluation (subjective weighing of input with regard to a decision), and decision implementation. Special problems and issues are discussed, such as type of input, weighing input, vote counting, professionalism, emotional input, and continuity of input and analysis.

Federal agencies have taken steps to include the public in a wide range of environmental decisions. Although some form of public participation is often required by law, agencies usually have broad discretion about the extent of that involvement. Approaches vary widely, from holding public information-gathering meetings to forming advisory groups to actively including citizens in making and implementing decisions. Proponents of public participation argue that those who must live with the outcome of an environmental decision should have some influence on it. Critics maintain that public participation slows decision making and can lower its quality by including people unfamiliar with the science involved. This book concludes that, when done correctly, public participation improves the quality of federal agencies' decisions about the environment. Well-managed public involvement also increases the legitimacy of decisions in the eyes of those affected by them, which makes it more likely that the decisions will be implemented effectively. This book recommends that agencies recognize public participation as valuable to their objectives, not just as a formality required by the law. It details principles and approaches agencies can use to successfully involve the public.