La gestion de ces déchets plastiques devient donc une équation de développement des villes durables pour les responsables urbains et, par ricochet, la non prise 5- KASSAY - la gestion des déchets plastiques a Kinshasa.indd 133 17/03/2015 14:06:38 Environnement, changement climatique et sécurité alimentaire134 en compte de la gestion des déchets plastiques détruit la ville et la santé de la populat. [...] Ces industries payent des impôts et taxes au niveau national (aux ministères de l'Economie, et de l'Environnement et Conservation de la nature) ; et au niveau local (à l'Hôtel de ville au service de l'environnement et hygiène, et au service de la salubrité publique) et au niveau des communes. [...] (Kassay 2010:45-65) ; un continent rural et inerte.27 Aujourd'hui, la ville de Kinshasa est perçue, de manière contradictoire, à la fois comme un lieu offrant de multiples services à la population et comme un espace saturé, pollué par les déchets urbains, en l'occurrence le phénomène de la « sachetisation28 » qui est plus présent dans tous les coins de la ville ». [...] La tentative des Kinois de rebaptiser et donc de se réapproprier leur ville d'une façon négative illustre bien les essais de maîtrise permanente de la ville, en produisant des symboles de domination, en définissant la place et en l'encapsulant dans le langage. [...] La question de l'évacuation des déchets, le problème de la disponibilité des ressources naturelles renouvelables et non renouvelables, celui de la pollution et la question de l'exclusion sociale sont autant de facteurs pouvant remettre en cause le développement durable dans le cas d'une agglomération urbaine.

Written as a practical introduction to biogas plant design and operation, this book fills a huge gap by presenting a systematic guide to this emerging technology -- information otherwise only available in poorly intelligible reports by US governmental and other official agencies. The author draws on teaching material from a university course as well as a wide variety of industrial biogas projects he has been involved with, thus combining didactical skill with real-life examples. Alongside biological and technical aspects of biogas generation, this timely work also looks at safety and legal aspects as well as environmental considerations.

Biomethanization of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes is a comprehensive introduction to both the fundamentals and the more practical aspects of the anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes, particularly those derived from households, that is, the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW). It can be used as a textbook for specialized courses and also as a guide for practitioners. In the first part, the book covers the relevant aspects of anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic wastes. The fundamentals and kinetic aspects of AD are reviewed with particular emphasis on the aspects related to solid wastes. This introduction is necessary to have a comprehensive view of the AD process and to understand the practical principles as well as the origin of possible problems arising from the management of the process. Chapter 2 emphasizes the role of kinetics in designing the reactor, paying special attention to existing models, particularly the dynamic ones. Through this introduction, it is intended to facilitate the technology transfer from laboratory or pilot plant experiences to full-scale process, in order to implement improvements in current digesters. Laboratory methods are described for the analysis and optimization of reactor performance, such as methanogenic activity tests or experimental evaluation of the biodegradation kinetics of solid organic waste. The different reaction patterns applied to industrial reactors are outlined. Industrial reactors are classified in accordance with the system they use, pointing out advantages and limitations. Co-digestion, enabling the co-treatment of organic wastes of different origin in a more economically feasible way, is described in detail. Examples of co-digestion are given, with OFMSW as a base-substrate. Finally, full-scale co-digestion plants are discussed. Various types (mechanical, biological, physico-chemical) of pre-treatment to increase the biodegradability, and thus the yields of the process, are reviewed in detail. The use of the fermentation products of anaerobic digesters for biological nutrient removal processes in wastewater treatment plants is described. This constitutes an example of integrated waste management, a field in which both economic and technical advances can be achieved. Balances are given to justify the approach, and a full-scale case study is presented. The important topic of economics and the ecological advantages of the process are emphasized. The use of compost, the integration with composting technology, and advantages over other technologies are detailed in the framework of an environmental impact assessment of biowaste treatment. Finally, the anaerobic digestion of MSW in landfills is reviewed in detail, with emphasis on landfill process enhancement and strategies for its application.