This volume is the product of a conference on the theme 'Development - the Next Twenty-five Years' which the Institute of Social Studies held in Decem ber 1977 to mark its own twenty-fifth anniversaryas a centre of development studies. We felt it appropriate at that point in time to caU together specialists from all over the world in an attempt to assess the 'state of play' in our field as we move into the last quarter of the twentieth century. 1 For several days, therefore, the Institute's new building house d a remarkable concentration of knowledge and experience concerning the problems of the so-calle d less developed countries, drawn from all over the world. Although it was inevitable that the participants should represent the past (and it was several times re marked that, in that sense, there were too few women present), the earnest and sometimes heated discussions looked to the future as much as to what had happened in the last twenty-five years. As the discussions proceeded, three things became apparent. Firstly , although the papers submitted did not fully reveal it, the ongoing debate between radicals and moderates, those who saw possibilities of change only basically through a direct break with existing structures and those who felt change possibIe within them, is by no means at an end.

Foreign aid is now known more for its failures than its successes, leading to claims in academic and policy circles that foreign aid has outlived its usefulness. Instead of foreseeing the end of foreign, these essays show how it might be restored.

This book, published in 1995, is intended to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the conclusion of the Patent Cooperation Treaty.

The Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization was signed in Stockholm on July 14, 1967. This book has been written to commemorate the 25th anniversary of that event.

The European Community has long been the largest trading bloc in the world. It is also on the way to becoming the world's largest integrated economic zone. Its trade, aid and development cooperation policies are therefore of great importance to developing countries. At the same time, the developing countries have continued to be of interest to the Community, both as outlets for its exports and capital investments and as sources of raw materials. This 1993 book analyses and evaluates European Community trade, aid and industrial policies towards developing countries - their origin, main features, logic, evolution and effectiveness in reaching the goals assigned to them. The author sums up the state of Europe's development policies by describing them as regional in scope, colonial in geographical emphasis, discriminatory in their effects and lacking in overall cogency. This incisive re-evaluation illustrates the different strategies the EC countries might pursue in their relations with the outside world as they progress towards fuller economic integration.

Why do countries give foreign aid? Although many countries have official development assistance programs, this book argues that no two of them see the purpose of these programmes in the same way. Moreover, the way countries frame that purpose has shaped aid policy choices past and present. The author examines how Belgium long gave aid out of a sense of obligation to its former colonies, The Netherlands was more interested in pursuing international influence, Italy has focused on the reputational payoffs of aid flows and Norwegian aid has had strong humanitarian motivations since the beginning. But at no time has a single frame shaped any one country's aid policy exclusively. Instead, analysing half a century of legislative debates on aid in these four countries, this book presents a unique picture both of cross-national and over time patterns in the salience of different aid frames and of varying aid programmes that resulted.