The modern Pentecostal movement has been studied many times in relation to its theological and sociological background. Previous studies, however, have not focused on the disctinctive doctrine of that movement: the teaching that speaking in tongues is the initial physical evidence of the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. Within a very short time of its proposal, acceptance of this doctrine was so widespread as to become the hallmark of the movement. Insistence on such a doctrine led to many being asked to leave their denominations, and thus to the founding of other denominations. This book attempts to answer the question: "Why?" And specifically: "Why Tongues?"

"This is a superb collection of articles on the central issue of Pentecostalism--speaking in tongues as the initial evidence for the baptism in the Holy Spirit. The articles, written by both Pentecostals and non-Pentecostals, are historically informative, scholarly, irenic in spirit, ecumenical in treatment, and wide-ranging in interest. Here is an opportunity for both Pentecostals and non-Pentecostals to become better informed about Pentecostalism. While offering a solid defense of traditional Pentecostalism, the book also offers candid assessments that take a different view. This book should become a must for those who want to understand both historic and present-day Pentecostalism."--Gordon D. Fee, Professor Emeritus of New Testament, Regent College"The most complete and scholarly analytical treatment of glossolalia as 'initial evidence' of the baptism in the Holy Spirit that has yet appeared. Both the historical and theological sections support and challenge the distinctive Pentecostal teaching on the subject of tongues."--Vinson Synan, Former Chairman, North American Renewal Service Committee". . . a remarkably diverse collection of essays that thoughtfully probe the distinctive which has come to characterize the Pentecostal Movement, namely: speaking in an unknown tongue. . . . Irenic in tone, the volume is a must for scholars, pastors, and lay persons of all theological perspectives who desire to enter into dialogue in this area of debate."--D. William Faupel, Professor of the History of Christianity, Wesley Theological Seminary"Initial Evidence, edited by Gary McGee, is a substantive contribution to the study of American Pentecostalism. The historical overviews in it are of tremendous value, particularly for newcomers to Pentecostalism, who may lack a historical grounding in the movement. Exegetical essays, such as that by Donald Johns, will challenge readers who are comfortable with current hermeneutical models to rethink the biblical text, and it offers great promise for more contributions to Pentecostal exegesis."--Howard M. Ervin, Professor Emeritus of Old Testament, Graduate School of Theology, Oral Roberts University

There are few other topics on which Christians are so divided. And a large majority of believers are unclear about what spiritual language really means. This is a balanced, biblical approach for anyone wanting to make an honest inquiry into the nature of speaking in tongues. Hayford debunks common myths surrounding the practice of tongues and shares with readers the beauty and the order of spiritual language that he has discovered during his times of private communion with God.

Spirit power in African theology: a mere extension of African magic or spirit powers? Or a genuine understanding of the work of the Holy Spirit as an active personal force?

This book not only articulates a tradition-specific Pentecostal rationality of Biblical Pragmatism, but also provides the first intellectual history of a major British classical Pentecostal denomination: the Elim Pentecostal Church. Pentecostal theologians increasingly acknowledge that their theological methodology should be informed by a Pentecostal rationality, epistemology and theological hermeneutics. Simo Frestadius offers such a Pentecostal rationality from a Foursquare perspective. Frestadius first analyses and evaluates some of the main contemporary Pentecostal rationalities and epistemologies to date, with a particular emphasis on the works of Amos Yong and James K.A. Smith and L. William Oliverio Jr., before proposing that Alasdair MacIntyre's tradition-focused and historically-minded narrative approach is conducive in providing a more tradition-constituted Pentecostal rationality. Utilising the methodological insights of MacIntyre, the book then provides a philosophically informed historical narrative of a major British Pentecostal tradition, namely, the Elim Foursquare Gospel Alliance, by exploring its underlying context and roots as a classical Pentecostal movement, its emergence as a religious tradition, and its two major 'epistemological crises'. Based on this historical narration and analysis, it is argued that Elim's tacit Pentecostal rationality is best defined as Pentecostal Biblical Pragmatism in a Foursquare Gospel framework. This form of rationality is then developed vis-à-vis Elim's Pentecostal concept of truth, biblical hermeneutics, and pragmatic epistemic justification in dialogue with William P. Alston. In doing the above, the book not only articulates a tradition-specific Pentecostal rationality of Biblical Pragmatism but also provides the first intellectual history of a major British classical Pentecostal denomination.

This book on Egyptian Pentecostalism is considered the first integrated monograph on the topic. It invites scholars and students of Religions, Renewal Studies, and Pentecostalism around the world to discover a new arena of research. Due to the sociocultural perspective of this study on Pentecostalism in Egypt, the book also invites sociologists and scholars who study sociocultural and religious context of the Middle East and North Africa to add new trajectories to their studies. No doubt that this study reveals what was concealed for decades regarding movements and revivals that broke out in Egyptian cities and villages! A must-read!