All technologies differ from one another. They are as varied as humanity's interaction with the physical world. Even people attempting to do the same thing produce multiple technologies. For example, John H. White discovered more than l 1000 patents in the 19th century for locomotive smokestacks. Yet all technologies are processes by which humans seek to control their physical environment and bend nature to their purposes. All technologies are alike. The tension between likeness and difference runs through this collection of papers. All focus on atmospheric flight, a twentieth-century phenomenon. But they approach the topic from different disciplinary perspectives. They ask disparate questions. And they work from distinct agendas. Collectively they help to explain what is different about aviation - how it differs from other technologies and how flight itself has varied from one time and place to another. The importance of this topic is manifest. Flight is one of the defining technologies of the twentieth century. Jay David Bolter argues in Turing's Man that certain technologies in certain ages have had the power not only to transform society but also to shape the way in which people understand their relationship with the physical world. "A defining technology," says Bolter, "resembles a magnifying glass, which collects and focuses seemingly disparate ideas in a culture into one bright, sometimes piercing ray." 2 Flight has done that for the twentieth century.

The United States Air Force is the most technologically advanced service in the world. Stealth, precision, global range, and space systems are only a few of the hallmarks of the USAF technology. Airborne laser weapons, super-accurate sensors, and hypersonic aircraft are already in the early stages of development. Creations such as these are not the product of stagnant minds or idle hands.It was in 1944 that General of the Army Herny H. "Hap" Arnold established the Army Air Forces (AAF) Scientific Advisory Group (SAG) under the direction of Dr. Theodore von Karman. The SAG meticulously created the first science and technology forecast ever accomplished in military history. The study predicted many of the developments in aviation technology which, today, most Americans take for granted. Some of the more outstanding of these are suipersonic flight, precision weaponry, accurate radr, and the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM).In Architects of American Air Supremacy, Dik Daso tells the story of the founding of the scientific and technical base of today's USAF. But this work is much more than simply a history of technology. The SAG was a culminating point reached only after many years of building interpersonal relationships, developing industrial bonds, and tapping the wisdom of America's most influential scientists. In large measure this book reflects the symbiotic nature of the military and the society which it serves. This book is an introduction to the very nature of the USAF - a service founded in aviation science and technology and built by great commanders, innovators, and dedicated men and women in the serivce of their nation.Ronald R. FoglemanGeneral, United States Air ForceChief of Staff

""Because I am a Dane and have gone to folk schools, I think I am a better American.""--""All my life, I've been eating rye bread.""--""I have my language from Norway, and my tradition."" -- MAP -- APPENDIX: INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY

Historically Canadians have considered themselves to be more or less free of racial prejudice. Although this conception has been challenged in recent years, it has not been completely dispelled. In Colour-Coded, Constance Backhouse illustrates the tenacious hold that white supremacy had on our legal system in the first half of this century, and underscores the damaging legacy of inequality that continues today. Backhouse presents detailed narratives of six court cases, each giving evidence of blatant racism created and enforced through law. The cases focus on Aboriginal, Inuit, Chinese-Canadian, and African-Canadian individuals, taking us from the criminal prosecution of traditional Aboriginal dance to the trial of members of the 'Ku Klux Klan of Kanada.' From thousands of possibilities, Backhouse has selected studies that constitute central moments in the legal history of race in Canada. Her selection also considers a wide range of legal forums, including administrative rulings by municipal councils, criminal trials before police magistrates, and criminal and civil cases heard by the highest courts in the provinces and by the Supreme Court of Canada. The extensive and detailed documentation presented here leaves no doubt that the Canadian legal system played a dominant role in creating and preserving racial discrimination. A central message of this book is that racism is deeply embedded in Canadian history despite Canada's reputation as a raceless society. Winner of the Joseph Brant Award, presented by the Ontario Historical Society