Rowan Strong examines the history of Scottish Episcopalianism in the nineteenth century as a response to the new urbanizing and industrializing society of the time. In particular, he looks at the various Episcopalian sub-cultures which had to come to terms with these social and economic changes. These sub-cultures include Highland Gaels; North-East crofters, farmers and fisherfolk; urban Episcopalians; aristocratic Episcopalians; and Evangelicals and Anglo-Catholics. He providesalso an outline of the history of Episcopalianism in Scotland from the sixteenth century to 1900, Rowan Strong addresses the issue of Episcopalianism and Scottish identity, which is topical today.

This book presents, for the first time, a history of English liturgical chant as performed in the Church of England and its transmission to churches in Scotland and the United States. In the mid-sixteenth century Reformation, the complex ritual of the Latin rite was replaced by a one-volumeBook of Common Prayer in English. The general nature of the new rubrics, expecially for music, left many of the details of performance to be worked out in traditional ways. Thus the music evolved from its Latin roots in oral, and later written practice. The body of music that makes up the chantingpractice of Anglican and related churches around the world is indeed diversified. Some texts of the liturgy are harmonized in four or more voice parts, often with organ accompaniment, and others are sung in plainsong. The largest group of chants, those for the psalms and canticles, has anidiosyncratic written form and a performance practice that continues to evolve in oral tradition. This music is commonly known as Anglican chant. Its origins in the seventeenth century and its codification in the eighteenth are explored in the choral establishments of the Church of England andparish churches in England, Scotland, and the United States.

The Scottish Episcopal Church in the nineteenth century was dominated by High Churchmen. But by around 1820 Evangelical clergy began to take up posts within its fold, particularly in the major Scottish cities, holiday centers, and in places where wealthy patrons could supply funds necessary to sustain a church. The Evangelical newcomers reached a numerical peak from 1842 to 1854 when they accounted for around one in seven of all Episcopal clergy in Scotland. They provided some of the most active and vibrant ministries in the country, notable for their work among the poor and in Sabbatarian, temperance, and missionary endeavors. At the same time their private lives were marked by an attractiveness that belied some contemporary critics of Evangelicalism. However, many Evangelicals did not find the Scottish Episcopal Church to be their natural home. Disputes with High Churchmen arose in the 1820s concerning particularly the doctrine of conversion and were to continue for the rest of the century. When D. T. K. Drummond was censured in 1842 by Bishop C. H. Terrot of Edinburgh for holding evangelistic meetings in the city, he and a large part of his congregation left the Scottish Episcopal Church and founded St. Thomas's Church, loyal to the Church of England. When, subsequently, Drummond found that he had serious doctrinal scruples concerning the Scottish Communion office, the official liturgy of the Scottish Episcopal Church, others joined his English Episcopal movement which was represented by ninety-one clergy serving twenty-four churches up to 1900. After years of agitation the Scottish Episcopal Church altered its canon law in 1890 to accommodate Evangelical concerns. Some English Episcopalians accepted the compromise but for some others the terms were still not satisfactorily watertight and as a matter of conscience they chose to remain apart.