The development of modern psychopharmacology was triggered by two major discoveries: the psychomimetic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) in 1943 and the therapeutic effects of chlorpromazine in 1952. In his opening address to the 1st CINP Congress in Rome, Rothlin pointed out that these discoveries gave "a great impetus for any kind of scientific approach to brain research" and had "revolutionary consequences in the treatment of psychotic patients". The incentive they provided "was not limited to theoretical and practical medical sciences but caused an even greater stimulus to the imagination of chemists, leading to the production of new compounds with a speed that neither pharmacological, biochemical nor clinical investigations could equitably follow. " The possibility to induce psychopathology by the administration of pharmacological agents and to control naturally occurring psychopathol ogy by drugs opened unforeseen possibilities for brain research and a new era in psychiatry. In psychiatry, the new psychotropic drugs with their increasingly better defined behavioral, neurophysiological and biochemi cal actions have provided a new means for therapeutically influencing and systematically studying psychopathological conditions, whereas in the basic sciences, neuropharmacological research, directed to reveal the action mechanism of new drugs, brought about unprecedented progress in the identification of the morphological substrate of different brain func tions. It also set the stage for the exploration of possible correlations between behavioral, including psychopathological, and neurochemical events.

First multi-year cumulation covers six years: 1965-70.

Create! is a Design and Technology course for Key Stage 3. It provides all the material needed to deliver the demands of the new Key Stage 3 strategy. The course follows the QCA scheme and the materials support ICT requirements. A wide range of differentiated worksheets is available on a customisable CD-ROM. The student books contain clear links to the Key Stage 3 strategy and include design-and-make assignments, product evaluations and practical tasks; each spread opens with objectives to focus the lesson, and ends with a plenary to summarise and evaluate.

The Age of Psychopharmacology began with a brilliant rise in the 1950s, when for the first time science entered the study of drugs that affect the brain and mind. But, esteemed historian Edward Shorter argues that there has been a recent fall, as the field has seen its drug offerings impoverished and its diagnoses distorted by the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders." The new drugs, such as Prozac, have been less effective than the old. The new diagnoses, such as "major depression," have strayed increasingly from the real disorders of most patients. Behind this disaster has been the invasion of the field by the pharmaceutical industry. This invasion has paid off commercially but not scientifically: There have been no new classes of psychiatry drugs in the last thirty years. Given that psychiatry's diagnoses and therapeutics have largely failed, the field has greatly declined from earlier days. Based on extensive research discovered in litigation, Shorter provides a historical perspective of change and decline over time, concluding that the story of the psychopharmacology is a story of a public health disaster.