This study explores the following puzzle: Upon national unification, why was Germany formed as a federal state and Italy a unitary state? Ziblatt's answer to this question will be of interest to scholars of international relations, comparative politics, political development, and political and economic history.

Traditional methods of studying the past have always given greater importance to nationalist, religious and moral interests, which subordinated the historical fact to the System point of view. That's how we have been educated.The time has come to simplify and show respect for our ancestors, striving to know what really happened in the past, and not just what they want to inform us about.After so many years of studying History, I came to the conclusion that the best study system is through an impartial, objective Chronology that just put each event in its exact place in time, revealing History without manipulation.This Chronology contains not only purely political facts, such as the foundation of cities, the birth of kingdoms and empires, scientific and geographical discoveries, natural disasters and epidemics; it also includes information on the most different fields of human activity: chemistry, astronomy, geography, mathematics, and so on. In parallel, the chronology is complemented by data that do not belong to a specific date, but to an entire epoch, they are each society generalities, curiosities, customs, the religion of each civilization, inventions or discoveries that cannot be placed in an exact date, etc. The result of all this set is one of the most complete chronologies within its reach, periodically updated with the latest archaeological and scientific discoveries, and that transforms the reader into an eyewitness of the past, understanding the relation of geographically distant facts to each other, but closely connected in time and influencing unexpected consequences. This is something that traditional history has generally ignored when it was not usable. A work of this magnitude could not be published in a single book, so I have divided it into several collections, and the Spanish originals are being translated into French, English, Italian and Portuguese. The chronology goes from prehistory to the present day year by year, as far as possible.For those who prefer a deeper and more detailed study, I have prepared a second chronology, day by day, which for now covers from 1789 to 1946, divided into five collections.

An exciting series that covers selected topics from the Higher Level options in the IB History syllabus. This coursebook covers Higher Level option 5, Topic 2, Unification and Consolidation of Germany and Italy 1815-90. The text is divided into clear sections following the IB syllabus structure and content specifications. It offers a sound historical account along with detailed explanations and analysis, and an emphasis on historical debate to prepare students for the in-depth, extended essay required in the Paper 3 examination. It also provides plenty of exam practice including student answers with examiner's comments, simplified mark schemes and practical advice on approaching the Paper 3 examination.

Germany's and Italy's belated national unifications continue to loom large in contemporary debates. Often regarded as Europe's paradigmatic instances of failed modernization, the two countries form the basis of many of our most prized theories of social science. Structuring the State undertakes one of the first systematic comparisons of the two cases, putting the origins of these nation-states and the nature of European political development in new light. Daniel Ziblatt begins his analysis with a striking puzzle: Upon national unification, why was Germany formed as a federal nation-state and Italy as a unitary nation-state? He traces the diplomatic maneuverings and high political drama of national unification in nineteenth-century Germany and Italy to refute the widely accepted notion that the two states' structure stemmed exclusively from Machiavellian farsightedness on the part of militarily powerful political leaders. Instead, he demonstrates that Germany's and Italy's "founding fathers" were constrained by two very different pre-unification patterns of institutional development. In Germany, a legacy of well-developed sub-national institutions provided the key building blocks of federalism. In Italy, these institutions' absence doomed federalism. This crucial difference in the organization of local power still shapes debates about federalism in Italy and Germany today. By exposing the source of this enduring contrast, Structuring the State offers a broader theory of federalism's origins that will interest scholars and students of comparative politics, state-building, international relations, and European political history.