Even in the face of internal disputes between cattlemen and hay cutters, the people of Fort Hall found innovative ways - such as participation in new religious experiences, cultural redefinition, and regular community gatherings - to manage the contradictions that stemmed from market integration. Heaton tells how the Shoshone-Bannocks made a meaningful choice between productive commerce and a more typical reliance on subsistence and wage labor. Their leaders found new ways to unite disparate bands and kin groups to resist attempts to open reservation land to exploitation by non-Indians, and through careful land cessions they were able to obtain the capital needed to develop reservation resources themselves.

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