Excerpt from The Metallurgy of the Common Metals: Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper, Lead, and Zinc This outline of the metallurgy of the common metals, namely, gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, and zinc, is devoted to the description of processes for winning these metals from their ores and then refining them. The metallurgy of iron is treated only to the point where pig-iron is obtained. Following the description of ores, as well as of the fuels used in smelting them, and the materials of which the furnaces are con structed, we come to sampling, for the determination of the exact value of the ore before treatment. A chapter has been devoted to the subject of thermo-chemistry as applied to igneous methods of extraction. The winning or reduction of' the various metals is then taken up in order, and is followed by. A description of the methods of refining them. Attention is then given to commercial considerations, since the processes must be conducted in a profitable way. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

In this detailed treatise, Leonard Strong Austin covers the metallurgy of some of the most common metals. Whether you are a student of science or an interested layperson, this volume will deepen your understanding of the world around us. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.