Within the historical background of the 3rd century AD, the study of Bosporan coin production is of especial interest. The turbulent events in the Roman empire and the northern Black Sea region called forth by pressure from nomadic peoples led to parallel progressive debasement of the antoninianus and Bosporan stater. This book explores the composition of Bosporan silver coinage of the 3rd century AD, re-examining traditional interpretations in the light of an entirely new programme of analyses of the coins, and thereby illustratating the inadequacy of small earlier analytical studies. The results of the examination of ca. 3000 staters from quite a number of Bosporan hoards, conducted in 2016-21 by the methods of XRF, EPMA, NRCA, FIB-FESEM-EDX, SEM-EDX, MC-ICP-MS lead isotope analysis, etc., have enabled a comprehensive understanding of the nature of Bosporan silver coinage, especially silvering techniques, in the 3rd century. The data of microchemical and metallurgical studies of coins indicate that from AD 227/8 to 286/7 (with interruptions), staters from silver or those containing some amounts of silver (and occasionally some amount of gold) were struck on the Bosporus. During this period, debasement of the Bosporan stater was occurring, transforming it from an electrum coin into silver and billon one (issued for almost 40 years - until AD 267/8) and, finally (since AD 275), to a copper coin with silver content of about 4-6% and coated with silver.

This book contains 23 studies on geology and mining in ancient Greece, the manufacture and metallurgy of ancient Greek coins and the analysis and conservation of these coins. The chapters collectively place numismatics within an interdisciplinary context.

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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.