What is the specificity of the human race within nature? How is its history to be explained? What impact do material realities, natural and man-made, have on human beings? What role does thought, in all its dimensions, play in the production of social relations? How are the human sciences to be advanced today? These are among the crucial questions confronted by Godelier in this key book of contemporary social theory. Its point of departure lies in a fact and a hypothesis. The fact: in contrast to other social animals, human beings do not just live in society; they produce society in order to live. The hypothesis: because they have the unique capacity to appropriate and transform nature, they produce culture and create history. Drawing on his own extensive fieldwork and ranging over the most diverse ethnographic data, Godelier substantiates his case by attending to the analysis of both social relations of production and the production of social relations. In a sustained challenge to currently dominant schemas, he offers a series of highly original theses on the constitution, reproduction and transformation of societies, recasting the distinction between infrastructure and superstructures, illuminating the relations between economic determination and political/ideological dominance, and clarifying the character of ideology and its central role in the perpetuation of dominance and exploitation.

Phrenology was the most popular mental science of the Victorian age. From American senators to Indian social reformers, this new mental science found supporters stretching around the globe. Materials of the Mind tells the story of how phrenology changed the world--and how the world changed phrenology. This is a story of skulls from the Arctic, plaster casts from Haiti, books from Bengal, and letters from the Pacific. Drawing on far-flung museum and archival collections, and addressing sources in six different languages, Materials of the Mind is the first substantial account of science in the nineteenth century as part of global history. It shows how the circulation of material culture underpinned the emergence of a new materialist philosophy of the mind, while also demonstrating how a global approach to history could help us reassess issues such as race, technology, and politics today.

An account of the different ways in which things have become cognitive extensions of the human body, from prehistory to the present. An increasingly influential school of thought in cognitive science views the mind as embodied, extended, and distributed rather than brain-bound or “all in the head.” This shift in perspective raises important questions about the relationship between cognition and material culture, posing major challenges for philosophy, cognitive science, archaeology, and anthropology. In How Things Shape the Mind, Lambros Malafouris proposes a cross-disciplinary analytical framework for investigating the ways in which things have become cognitive extensions of the human body. Using a variety of examples and case studies, he considers how those ways might have changed from earliest prehistory to the present. Malafouris's Material Engagement Theory definitively adds materiality—the world of things, artifacts, and material signs—into the cognitive equation. His account not only questions conventional intuitions about the boundaries and location of the human mind but also suggests that we rethink classical archaeological assumptions about human cognitive evolution.

The Most Important Knowledge and Findings The central ideas behind the books on brain psychology and linguistic brain therapy are aimed at helping psychologists, psychiatrists, therapists, health workers, family members, and clients gain knowledge and methods to reduce or eliminate mental disorders. This leads to a better life for clients and more secure, satisfied therapists. Therapists and psychologists who achieve good results can confidently continue their treatment as before, while gaining a scientific understanding of the mental changes in their clients as they improve from the treatment. Therapists who are not as successful can now acquire scientifically grounded knowledge on how to achieve better outcomes. Family members will gain knowledge about mental disorders, enabling them to more effectively help their children. Those suffering from mental disorders can acquire knowledge and techniques that can alleviate their condition and create a life with less mental pain. These goals are achievable because the books on brain psychology and linguistic brain therapy contain scientific knowledge about the mental constructs that anchor and trigger mental distress or well-being. They also provide insights into how to protect against mental pain and manage it in the best possible way." The Significance of Research Early in my therapeutic practice, several clients achieved amazing results that psychology could not explain. This led to the initiation of an extensive research project. The research was met with skepticism, as many believed it was impossible to investigate what After 9 years of analyzing mental processes in clients, I discovered how mental disorders are mentally constructed and the mental changes clients experience when they improve from treatment. One conclusion was that all mental disorders can be cured using words, though it may take time. These findings represented a solution to challenges that psychology and psychiatry had been trying to solve for over 150 years. Significant Discoveries: I found that mental disorders are mentally constructed more simply than previously believed by researchers, psychologists, and psychiatrists. It is possible to investigate mental processes leading to mental distress and the experience of mental distress solely through words. Mental well-being and mental disorders are constructed of the same mental or mental-biological material, and in the same manner, allowing the same methods to be used to treat mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia, as well as to develop mental well-being and skills." "I Now Know for Sure I am now certain that knowledge of brain psychology and linguistic therapy can lead those with mental distress to take more control over their emotions and mental problems. Additionally, psychologists and health workers can treat clients with greater scientific certainty and predictability, achieving faster and better results. The most reliable evidence of this includes success stories from clients, comments from international scientific journals, and observations from colleagues who have observed my work with students' mental distress over many years. After 30 years of research and treating more than 1000 clients, I am convinced that linguistic brain therapy not only helps individuals but also enables those who have studied the books to help others, whether as clients, parents, leaders, trainers, or other psychologists. For more information, visit the website: www.brainpsychology.pro." "Simple, but not Easy The book 'Linguistic Brain Therapy' explains how to treat clients in a way that helps them become mentally stronger, feel better about themselves, and more effectively take control of their lives. "The Books Offer the Necessary Knowledge The book on the Psychology of the Brain provides the essential knowledge needed to understand what happens mentally during the development of mental disorders. 'Linguistic Brain Therapy', based on Brain Psychology knowledge, guides therapists, consultants, leaders, parents, and health workers on how to treat clients and assist both themselves and others. For more information, you can read my doctoral dissertation on mental distress and mental change, available at the University Library in Oslo. Are These Claims True? The books on brain psychology and linguistic brain therapy are the strongest evidence supporting the claims mentioned above. Practical evidence like success stories from clients, and research findings will be shared on my websites in the future: www.brainpsychology.pro If you are facing mental challenges, whether as a scientist, someone experiencing mental distress, an athlete, as a health worker or in any other role where you feel you are not coping well, you may explore brain psychology and linguistic therapy for help. These books can provide you and others with a better life for many years. The books focus on positive emotions , on mental resources, and how the clients can cope better with mental disorders, and on how to treat light mental disorders and more heavy mental ailments.