The purpose of this study is to identify the degree of congruence between each director's self-perception of his/her use of the four leadership frames (as measured by the Bolman and Deal Orientations (Self) survey instrument) and the perceptions of the teachers of his/her division regarding the use of those frames (as measured by the Bolman and Deal's Orientations Survey Instrument). The study was done in a Lebanese private school where the self-perceptions of three division directors will be compared respectively to a random sample of twenty teachers from each division. The study also seeked to show whether each of the three directors use one or more frame(s) as he/she interprets events and attempts to understand the situation at hand.--Data analysis of this study was essentially developed from questionnaire analysis, interviews and direct quotations of principals. On the Leadership Orientations (Other and Self), self-perception responses as well as teachers' responses were coded numerically and statistically analyzed through the use of a five point Likert scale.

The purpose of the study is to examine and understand leadership practice from t he perspective of one division director of a Lebanese school. The conceptual fra mework is based on Bolman and Deal's Four Frames model of leadership: structural , human resource, political, and the symbolic frame. Bolman and Deal assert that leaders can reach a deeper and better understanding of organizations and be mor e effective when they are able to respond to the needs of their organizations fr om more than one frame. As a graduate student in the field of educational administration and leadership, the question of how to practice educational leadership in a school setting in L ebanon is important to me. I became interested in the leadership process and the meaning that school leaders give to events and actions that occur in this conte xt. I used qualitative research strategies. Data were collected through audio-taped interviews, observations and shadowing, and review of key documents. A categoriz ing strategy was adapted to analyze data, and to answer three research questions focusing on the director's practice, the frames that shape her experience, and the impact of framing on her practice. The findings indicate that the director's practice involves a significant amount of duties and responsibilities, viewed t hrough a combination of structural and human resource frames. The political and symbolic frames were most used in times of conflict, tension, and ambiguity. Mor eover, the director demonstrated a framing perspective that is not limited to ju st one or more of Bolman and Deal's four frames. In addition to framing concepts based on Bolman and Deal's model of leadership, emerging themes appeared to inf luence the director's practice. They consisted of skills, physical characteristi cs, symbolic tools, and concepts used according to the requirements of the situa tion. The study represents an attempt to understand and bridge the gap between c onceptual thinking and real-life situations and events in the context of school leadership.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the new roles of principals—as managers, instructors and change or reform agents—as perceived and practiced by leaders in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and the United States of America (USA), and as perceived and practiced by their counterparts in Lebanon. This study documented how principals performed their new roles by matching their self- perceived and perceived leadership management styles with their behaviors while working together with subject coordinators and teachers to implement the school vision in Lebanese secondary public and private schools. Therefore, the study used both qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate the roles of principals perceived as leaders, in Lebanese secondary schools (public and privare0 through the study of the principals use of the four leadership framework of Bolman and Deal (2006) – the four leadership styles and their corresponding behaviors—as self-perceived and the principals use of the four- leadership framework as perceived by subject coordinators and teachers. The results revealed that the principals perceived their main leadership management style as, firstly, human resources and, secondly, structural in the public and private Lebanese secondary sectors. There was no significant difference between the results in the public school sector and the private school sector. This research may direct future studies on school principals management styles and behaviors in their quest to reach the school vision. Recommendations were given.

Education is a source of national pride in Lebanon. When the general public was asked how the education system was performing, 76 percent of respondents had a positive opinion; and these satisfaction rates have been consistently high over the years. However, perception of education quality does not reflect the reality of the sector; and learning outcomes, which are the determining metrics of success in education, have been lower than the international average, with a declining trend since 2007. This volume seeks to uncover why the education system in Lebanon is not reaching its full potential. It uses a political economy approach to study the drivers and factors that guide education operations to produce and utilize education outcomes. This includes the study of context, stakeholders, and processes that shape education policies, institutions, and activities. It also aims to identify enablers of and constraints on policy change and implementation, as well as the achievement of results. In this context, the analysis encompasses how education policies are developed; how education consumables—such as curricula, textbooks, and learning materials—are produced, distributed, and used by learners; how education services are delivered and monitored; and how achieved results are measured. It includes the identification of the most influential actors in the education arena, as well as their vested interests. It also examines unfavorable frameworks for action that are likely to block the adoption of reforms and delay or derail their implementation. The system-level analysis presented in this volume used a mixed-method approach. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted based on a review and analysis of more than 1,900 research papers, articles, and books; laws and policies; expenditures; trends; and enrollment and outcome indicators. Primary methods of inquiry were also used and included interviews, focus group discussions, and a household-based perception survey.

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Boys' Life is the official youth magazine for the Boy Scouts of America. Published since 1911, it contains a proven mix of news, nature, sports, history, fiction, science, comics, and Scouting.

Boys' Life is the official youth magazine for the Boy Scouts of America. Published since 1911, it contains a proven mix of news, nature, sports, history, fiction, science, comics, and Scouting.