Do not learn the tricks of the trade, learn the trade I started teachinggraduate coursesin chemical sensors in early 1980s, ?rst as a o- quarter (30 h) class then as a semester course and also as several intensive, 4–5-day courses. Later I organized my lecture notes into the ?rst edition of this book, which was published by Plenum in 1989 under the title Principles of Chemical Sensors. I started working on the second edition in 2006. The new edition of Principles of Chemical Sensors is a teaching book, not a textbook. Let me explain the difference. Textbooks usually cover some more or less narrow subject in maximum depth. Such an approach is not possible here. The subject of chemical sensors is much too broad, spanning many aspects of physical and analytical chemistry, biochemistry, materials science, solid-state physics, optics, device fabrication, electrical engine- ing, statistical analysis, and so on. The challengefor me has been to present uniform logical coverage of such a large area. In spite of its relatively shallow depth, it is intended as a graduate course. At its present state the amount of material is more thancan be coveredin a one-semestercourse (45h). Two one-quartercourseswould be more appropriate. Because of the breadth of the material, the sensor course has a somewhat unexpected but, it is hoped, bene?cial effect.

Advances in materials science and engineering have paved the way for the development of new and more capable sensors. Drawing upon case studies from manufacturing and structural monitoring and involving chemical and long wave-length infrared sensors, this book suggests an approach that frames the relevant technical issues in such a way as to expedite the consideration of new and novel sensor materials. It enables a multidisciplinary approach for identifying opportunities and making realistic assessments of technical risk and could be used to guide relevant research and development in sensor technologies.

This book is devoted to the recent advances in the development of artificial sensory systems widely known as electronic tongues (ET). It contains contributions by prominent authors from all over the world. Each chapter focuses on a particular research direction in modern ET. It introduces and discusses in detail various designs, sensor materials, t

This book introduces the principles and concepts of chemical and biochemical sensors for analyzing medical as well as biological samples. For applications like analyzing or monitoring gastric juice or blood plasma, the potential of sensors is exceptionally large. Focussed on these applications, the interpretation of analytical results is explained. Specific advantages are compared to other analytical techniques. Numerous tables with data provide useful information not easily found elsewhere and make a handy source of reference. Ursula E. Spichiger-Keller is head of the Center for Chemical Sensors/Biosensors and Bioanalytical Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich.

Lntegration, a new paradigm in analytical chemistry; Integration in science and technology; Integration in analytical chemistry; Partsand components; Supportedreagents; Separation membranes; Systems; Total analysis systems; Miniaturised systems; Networked systems; Sensors; Electrochemical sensors; Optochemical sensors; Arraysystems; Redundant-sensor array systems; Selective-sensor array systems; Cross-selective sensor array systems; Microsystems; Microsensors; Analytical microsystems; Array microsystems; Nanosystems; Conclusions and perspectives; lntegrated separation systems; General principIes ofbi-phase separation; Thermodynamics ofbi-phase equilibrium; Integration concepts in bi-phase separation; Integration of uptake and stripping steps; Multiplication of single separation effect; Frontal íon exchange chromatography; Reverse frontal íon exchange chromatography; Displacement chromatography; Tandem íon exchange fractionation; Combined separation techniques; Solvent extraction-ion exchange. Aqua impregnated resins; Ion exchange-crystallisation. Ion exchange isothermal supersaturation; Ion exchange supersaturation of zwitterlites; Ion exchange supersaturation of electrolytes; Solid-phase spectrometric assays; Integration of processes in solid-phase spectrometric assays; Types of solid-phase spectrometric assays; Features of solid-phase spectrometric assays; Particulated solid-phase spectrometric assays; Fixation process; Operational aspects; Analytical characteristics; Mixtures resolution; Analytical applications; Membrane solid-phase spectrometric assays; Membrane filtration systems; Membrane 'problem' equilibration systems; Membrane 'problem' deposit systems; Continuous flow analytical systems; Reverse flow injection; Integrating effect of conventional flow injection units; Confluencepoints; Exchangedunits; Modifiedunits; Duplicateunits; Derivatisation reactions in flow injection systems; Redox reactions involving solid reagents; Micellar media; Photoinduced reactions; Electrogenerated reagents; Catalytic reactions; External energy sources integrated with flow injection; Conventional heat sources; illtrasound energy sources; Use of electrical energy; Microwave energy assistance; In-line coupling of simple non-chromatographic continuous separation units and flow injection manifolds; Couplings with techniques involving gas-separation: gas-diffusers, pervaporators and others; Couplings with liquid-liquid separators: dialysers and liquid-liquid extractors; Couplingswith liquid-solid separators and solid phase formation; On-line separation equipment and flow injection manifolds; On-line coupling of robotics and flow injection manifolds; Detection in flow injection; Flow injection-detector interfaces; Automatic calibration; Special uses of conventional detectors coupled to FI; Three-dimensional and complex detectors coupled to FI; Screening and flow injection Integration and flow injection; Distributed analytical instrumentation systems; Theremoteconcept; Elements in a measurement system; Distributed systems topologies; Theremoteplace; The benefits of distributed intelligence; The computer-controlling function; Virtual instruments; Smart/intelligent sensors; The link; Industrial networks; Ethernet; Wireless links; The local place; Remote analytical instruments/systems: application examples; Laboratory information management systems; The analytical laboratory; Role of an analytical laboratory; Need to increase productivity; The aims oflaboratory automation; Problems with laboratory automation; Solutions for laboratory automation; What is laboratory automation?; A definition oflaboratory automation; Laboratory automation constituent groups; Instrument automation; Communications; Data to information conversion; Information management; A laboratory automation strategy in practice; Laboratory Information Management Systems; What is a LIMS?; A LIMS has two targets; Construction of the LIMS matrix; LIMS matrix views; Organisational integration and LIMS; LIMS and the system development life cycle; System development life cycle; Project proposal; The LIMS project team; User requirements specification and system selection; Functional specification; Qualification of the system; User training and roll-out strategies; Project close-out; Post-implementation review; Enhancement ofthe system and controlling change; Chemically modified electrodes with integrated biomolecules and molecular wires; Enzyme redox catalysis; Redox hydrogels; Self-assembled polyelectrolyte and protein films; Self-assembled enzyme films; Electrocatalysis; Electronhopping; Different molecular architectures; Structure ofself-assembled enzyme films; Atomic force microscopy; Ellipsometry; Combination of QCM and ellipsometric measurements; Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); Composite and biocomposite materiais forelectrochemicalsensing; Composite electrode materiaIs; Conducting composite; Conducting biocomposites; Composite- and biocomposite-based electrochemical sensors; Conductometric sensors; Potentiometric sensors; Amperometric sensors; Thick-film sensors; Sensors for voltammetric stripping techniques; Optical chemical sensors and biosensor; Sensor structure; Optical fibers; Optoelectronic instrumentation; Molecular recognition element; Sensor designs; Modes of optical signal measurements; Absorbance measurement; Reflectance measurement; Fluorescence measurement; Chemiluminescence measurement; Electronic tongues: new analytical perspective of chemical sensors; General approach to the application of sensor arrays; Why use sensor systems?; Inspirations from chemometrics and biology; Advantages of sensor systems in comparlson with discrete sensors; Specific features of the sensors for the electronictongue; Electronic tongue systems; Sensors; System designs; Hybrid systems; Data processing; Selected applications ofthe electronic tongue; Application areas and analytes; Quantitative analysis; Qualitative analysis, recognition, identification andclassification; Comparison with human perception offlavours; Taste quantification; Application ofhybrid systems; Problems and perspective; A Taste sensor; Structure of the taste sensor; Response characteristics; Aminoacids; Classification oftaste ofamino acids; Discrimination of D-amino acids from L-aminoacids; Quantification ofthe taste of foods; Interaction between taste qualities; Suppression ofbitterness due to phospholipids; Scale ofbitterness; Suppression of bitterness due to taste substances; Detection of wine flavor using taste sensor and electronic nose; Perspective; Application of electronic nose technology for monitoring water and wastewater; Electronic nose technology; Sensor types; Analysis ofelectronic nose data; Electronic nose instrumentation; Sensor array components; Commercial systems; Application to water and wastewater monitoring; Laboratory-based systems; On-line monitoring systems; lntegrated optical transducers for (bio)chemical sensing; Basic concepts; Fundamentals of optical waveguides; Detection principIes: Types of devices; Technologies for integrated optical transducer fabrication; Substrate materiaIs and specific processes; Basic technological processes; Integrated optical sensors; Absorbancesensor; Gratingcoupler; Resonantmirror; Mach-Zehnder interferometer; Towards a total integrated system; High arder hybrid FET module for (bio)chemical andphysicalsensing; Design concepts of(bio)chemical sensor arrays; High arder sensor module based on an identical transducer principIe; Hybrid module design; ISFET fabrication; Measuring system and sensor configurations; Multi-parameter detection of both (bio)chemical and physical quantities using the same transducer principIe; ISFET-based pH sensor; ISFET-based penicillin sensor; ISFET-based temperature sensor; ISFET-based flow-velocity sensor; ISFET-based flow-direction sensor;ISFET-based diffusion-coefficient sensor; ISFET-based bioelectronic sensor; Applications of the hybrid sensor module; pH determination in human urine; pH measurement in rain droplets; Summary and conclusion; Microdialysis based lab-on-a-chip, applying a generic MEM Stechnology; The need for in vivo monitoring; Microdialysis; The microdialysis lab-on-a-chip; The micromachined double lumen microdialysis probe connector; The conventional microdialysis probe; Experimental; Results and discussion; The passive and the active calibration system; Passive contraI of a calibration plug; Active contraI of a calibration plug; Closed-loop controlled electrochemically actuated microdosing system; The flow-through potentiometric and amperometric sensor array; The flow-through potentiometric sensorarray; The flow-through reference electrode; The flow-through amperometric sensor; The integrated microdialysis-based lab-on-a-chip; The complete integrated microdialysis lab-on-a-chip; Measurements; Design methodology for a lab-on-a-chip for chemical analysis: the MAFIAS chip; The design path; The design; Chemistry; System schematics; Channel geometry; Specifications for the components; Thecomponents; Nanosensor and nanoprobe systems for in vivo bioanalysis; Background on biosensors and bioreceptors; Biosensing systems; Bioreceptor probes; Fiberoptics nanosensor system; Fabrication of the fiberoptic nanoprobe; Immobilization of receptors onto fiber nanoprobes; Experimental system and protocol for nanoprobe investigation of single cells; Optical measurement system; Applications in bioanalysis; Optical nanofiber probes for fluorescence measurements; Single-cell measurements using antibody-based nanoprobes.

This book covers optical chemical sensing by means of optical waveguides, from the fundamentals to the most recent applications. The book includes a historical review of the development of these sensors, from the earliest laboratory prototypes to the first commercial instrumentations. The book reprints a lecture by the Nobel Laureate Charles Townes on the birth of maser and laser, which lucidly illustrates the development of new science and new technology.