In this wide-ranging analysis, Charles Kostelnick and Michael Hassett demonstrate how visual language in professional communication--text design, data displays, illustrations--is shaped by conventional practices that are invented, codified, and modified by users in visual discourse communities.

An aesthetic of unoriginality shaped literary style and reader taste for decades of the nineteenth century. While critics in the twentieth century and beyond have upheld originality and innovation as essential characteristics of literary achievement, they were not features particularly prized by earlier American audiences, Claudia Stokes contends. On the contrary, readers were taught to value familiarity, traditionalism, and regularity. Literary originality was often seen as a mark of vulgar sensationalism and poor quality. In Old Style Stokes offers the first dedicated study of a forgotten nineteenth-century aesthetic, explicating the forms, practices, conventions, and uses of unoriginality. She focuses in particular on the second quarter of the century, when improvements in printing and distribution caused literary markets to become flooded with new material, and longstanding reading practices came under threat. As readers began to prefer novelty to traditional forms, advocates openly extolled unoriginality in an effort to preserve the old literary ways. Old Style examines this era of significant literary change, during which a once-dominant aesthetic started to give way to modern preferences. If writing in the old style came to be associated with elite conservatism—a linkage that contributed to its decline in the twentieth century—it also, paradoxically provided marginalized writers—people of color, white women, and members of the working class—the literary credentials they needed to enter print. Writing in the old style could affirm an aspiring author's training, command of convention, and respectability. In dismissing unoriginality as the literary purview of the untalented or unambitious, Stokes cautions, we risk overlooking something of vital importance to generations of American writers and readers.

Reprint of the original, first published in 1883.

Americans have traveled a far piece since Goody Randall climbed over the back of a Bay Colony pew in defense of her social position, or a frontier Congressman tried to eat the doilies at a White House dinner, or, more recently, since the adjustable Emily Post interpreted the social law on whether a lady’s maid could appear in bobbed hair. (She could not!) With unfailing scholarship, great good humor and occasional overtones of irony when snobbery raises its ugly nose, Gerald Carson here portrays the journey of American manners through shifting tastes and customs in regards to weddings, dances, hair styles, drinking, dueling, dress, smoking, the telephone, the automobile, the rise of the country club and the history of the fraternal lodge, among hundreds of topics. There is much of special interest to citizens of Chicago, San Francisco, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York and many other cities. There is a full chapter on manners in the nation’s capital as well as one on books of etiquette. The author’s emphasis is upon the middle class, the mainstream of America’s national life, rather than Society with the capital S. This field has been plowed a good many times, while Mr. Carson’s area is almost untouched. His central theme is the reaching out of the American man and woman for self-improvement and a life of some grace. Citizens of the United States are still free to become, as the late Professor Arthur M. Schlesinger pointed out, as unequal as they can.