11. 3. 2. Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 11. 3. 3. Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 11. 3. 4. Some remarks on comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 11. 3. 5. Electrical heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 11. 4. Electrical fie1ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 11. 4. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 11. 4. 2. Open fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 11. 4. 3. The TV set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 11. 4. 4. Upholstery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 11. 5. Electrostatic air c1eaners and ionizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 11. 5. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 11. 5. 2. What do they have in common? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 11. 5. 3. What is the difference? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 11. 6. Health effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11. 6. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11. 6. 2. Air conditioning and c1imate control . . . . . . . . . . . 142 11. 6. 3. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 11. 6. 4. Charged particles and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 11. 7. Conc1usion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 The atmosphere is not what it is popularly believed to be 163 111. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 111. 2. Particles in the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 m. 2. I. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 m. 2. 2. Partic1es and albedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 111. 2. 3. Condensation nuc1ei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 111. 3. Pollution sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 111. 3. 1. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 III. 3. 2. Forest fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 111. 3. 2. Car emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 111. 3. 3. The e1ectrostatic precipitator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 III. 4. Transport and sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 111. 4. 1. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 111. 4. 2. Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 111. 4. 3. Se1ective deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 111. 4. 4. Visibility, ozone layer, and nitrates. . . . . . . . . . . . 206 111. 4. 5. Torrential rains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Contents 8 Tb. Forgotten Pollution 111. 4. 4. Visibility, ozone layer, and nitrates . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 111. 4. 5. Torrential rains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The MacArthur grant–winning environmental justice activist’s riveting memoir of a life fighting for a cleaner future for America’s most vulnerable A Smithsonian Magazine Top Ten Best Science Book of 2020 Catherine Coleman Flowers, a 2020 MacArthur “genius,” grew up in Lowndes County, Alabama, a place that’s been called “Bloody Lowndes” because of its violent, racist history. Once the epicenter of the voting rights struggle, today it’s Ground Zero for a new movement that is also Flowers’s life’s work—a fight to ensure human dignity through a right most Americans take for granted: basic sanitation. Too many people, especially the rural poor, lack an affordable means of disposing cleanly of the waste from their toilets and, as a consequence, live amid filth. Flowers calls this America’s dirty secret. In this “powerful and moving book” (Booklist), she tells the story of systemic class, racial, and geographic prejudice that foster Third World conditions not just in Alabama, but across America, in Appalachia, Central California, coastal Florida, Alaska, the urban Midwest, and on Native American reservations in the West. In this inspiring story of the evolution of an activist, from country girl to student civil rights organizer to environmental justice champion at Bryan Stevenson’s Equal Justice Initiative, Flowers shows how sanitation is becoming too big a problem to ignore as climate change brings sewage to more backyards—not only those of poor minorities.

An urgent examination of one of the biggest global crises facing us today—the drastic worsening of air pollution—and what we can do about it The air pollution that we breathe every day is largely invisible—but it is killing us. How did it get this bad, and how can we stop it? Far from a modern-day problem, scientists were aware of the impact of air pollution as far back as the seventeenth century. Now, as more of us live in cities, we are closer than ever to pollution sources, and the detrimental impact on the environment and our health has reached crisis point. The Invisible Killer will introduce you to the incredible individuals whose groundbreaking research paved the way to today's understanding of air pollution, often at their own detriment. Gary Fuller's global story examines devastating incidents from London's Great Smog to Norway's acid rain; Los Angeles' traffic problem to wood-burning damage in New Zealand. Fuller argues that the only way to alter the future course of our planet and improve collective global health is for city and national governments to stop ignoring evidence and take action, persuading the public and making polluters bear the full cost of the harm that they do. The decisions that we make today will impact on our health for decades to come. The Invisible Killer is an essential book for our times and a cautionary tale we need to take heed of.

This study reports on the economic cost of the health impacts of air pollution from road transport – on a global scale but with special reference to China, India and the OECD countries.

A "powerful and indispensable" look at the devastating consequences of environmental racism (Gerald Markowitz) -- and what we can do to remedy its toxic effects on marginalized communities. Did you know... Middle-class African American households with incomes between $50,000 and $60,000 live in neighborhoods that are more polluted than those of very poor white households with incomes below $10,000. When swallowed, a lead-paint chip no larger than a fingernail can send a toddler into a coma -- one-tenth of that amount will lower his IQ. Nearly two of every five African American homes in Baltimore are plagued by lead-based paint. Almost all of the 37,500 Baltimore children who suffered lead poisoning between 2003 and 2015 were African American. From injuries caused by lead poisoning to the devastating effects of atmospheric pollution, infectious disease, and industrial waste, Americans of color are harmed by environmental hazards in staggeringly disproportionate numbers. This systemic onslaught of toxic exposure and institutional negligence causes irreparable physical harm to millions of people across the country-cutting lives tragically short and needlessly burdening our health care system. But these deadly environments create another insidious and often overlooked consequence: robbing communities of color, and America as a whole, of intellectual power. The 1994 publication of The Bell Curve and its controversial thesis catapulted the topic of genetic racial differences in IQ to the forefront of a renewed and heated debate. Now, in A Terrible Thing to Waste, award-winning science writer Harriet A. Washington adds her incisive analysis to the fray, arguing that IQ is a biased and flawed metric, but that it is useful for tracking cognitive damage. She takes apart the spurious notion of intelligence as an inherited trait, using copious data that instead point to a different cause of the reported African American-white IQ gap: environmental racism - a confluence of racism and other institutional factors that relegate marginalized communities to living and working near sites of toxic waste, pollution, and insufficient sanitation services. She investigates heavy metals, neurotoxins, deficient prenatal care, bad nutrition, and even pathogens as chief agents influencing intelligence to explain why communities of color are disproportionately affected -- and what can be done to remedy this devastating problem. Featuring extensive scientific research and Washington's sharp, lively reporting, A Terrible Thing to Waste is sure to outrage, transform the conversation, and inspire debate.

The preface of a book often provides a convenient place in which the author can tender his apologies for any inadequacies and affords him the facility to excuse himself by reminding the reader that his art is long but life, or at least the portion of it in which he has the opportunity for writing books, is short. I, too, am deeply conscious that I have undertaken a task which I could not hope to complete to my own satisfaction but I offer, in self defence, the observation that, inadequate though it is, there is no other book extant, so far as I am aware, which provides the information contained herein within the covers of a single volume. Often during the last decade, in discharging my responsibilities for the environmental aspects of the water authority's operations and works, I should have been deeply grateful to have had access to a compendium such as this. The lack of a convenient source of data made me aware of the need which I have attempted to fill and in doing so I have drawn on my experiences of the kinds of problem which are presented to biologists in the water industry. The maxim 'half a loaf is better than none' seems particularly apt in this context.

WINNER OF THE PULITZER PRIZE • Winner of The New York Public Library’s Helen Bernstein Book Award • “A new classic of science reporting.”—The New York Times The riveting true story of a small town ravaged by industrial pollution, Toms River melds hard-hitting investigative reporting, a fascinating scientific detective story, and an unforgettable cast of characters into a sweeping narrative in the tradition of A Civil Action, The Emperor of All Maladies, and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. One of New Jersey’s seemingly innumerable quiet seaside towns, Toms River became the unlikely setting for a decades-long drama that culminated in 2001 with one of the largest legal settlements in the annals of toxic dumping. A town that would rather have been known for its Little League World Series champions ended up making history for an entirely different reason: a notorious cluster of childhood cancers scientifically linked to local air and water pollution. For years, large chemical companies had been using Toms River as their private dumping ground, burying tens of thousands of leaky drums in open pits and discharging billions of gallons of acid-laced wastewater into the town’s namesake river. In an astonishing feat of investigative reporting, prize-winning journalist Dan Fagin recounts the sixty-year saga of rampant pollution and inadequate oversight that made Toms River a cautionary example for fast-growing industrial towns from South Jersey to South China. He tells the stories of the pioneering scientists and physicians who first identified pollutants as a cause of cancer, and brings to life the everyday heroes in Toms River who struggled for justice: a young boy whose cherubic smile belied the fast-growing tumors that had decimated his body from birth; a nurse who fought to bring the alarming incidence of childhood cancers to the attention of authorities who didn’t want to listen; and a mother whose love for her stricken child transformed her into a tenacious advocate for change. A gripping human drama rooted in a centuries-old scientific quest, Toms River is a tale of dumpers at midnight and deceptions in broad daylight, of corporate avarice and government neglect, and of a few brave individuals who refused to keep silent until the truth was exposed. NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY NPR AND KIRKUS REVIEWS “A thrilling journey full of twists and turns, Toms River is essential reading for our times. Dan Fagin handles topics of great complexity with the dexterity of a scholar, the honesty of a journalist, and the dramatic skill of a novelist.”—Siddhartha Mukherjee, M.D., author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning The Emperor of All Maladies “A complex tale of powerful industry, local politics, water rights, epidemiology, public health and cancer in a gripping, page-turning environmental thriller.”—NPR “Unstoppable reading.”—The Philadelphia Inquirer “Meticulously researched and compellingly recounted . . . It’s every bit as important—and as well-written—as A Civil Action and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks.”—The Star-Ledger “Fascinating . . . a gripping environmental thriller.”—Kirkus Reviews (starred review) “An honest, thoroughly researched, intelligently written book.”—Slate “[A] hard-hitting account . . . a triumph.”—Nature “Absorbing and thoughtful.”—USA Today