Chlorofluorocarbons are known to be effective spray can propellants, solvents and refrigerators and were often used in deodorants, refrigerators and other goods. However, it was not known at the beginning of their use, the complex reaction that CFCs have on the earth’s climate. Originally published in 1982, this report explores early research into the effect that CFCs have on the environment and provides guidance on how this emerging issue should be dealt with. This title will be of interest to students of Environmental Studies.

Chlorofluorocarbons are known to be effective spray can propellants, solvents and refrigerators and were often used in deodorants, refrigerators and other goods. However, it was not known at the beginning of their use, the complex reaction that CFCs have on the earth’s climate. Originally published in 1982, this report explores early research into the effect that CFCs have on the environment and provides guidance on how this emerging issue should be dealt with. This title will be of interest to students of Environmental Studies.

The study examines and compares the outcomes of two alternate methods for controlling nonaerosol emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Conventional regulatory methods such as technology standards are compared with innovative methods of regulation such as use taxes or production quotas distributed through the use of marketable permits. The economic costs of each system are calculated and compared, along with a discussion of the policy issues which must be addressed when choosing one form of regulation over another.

The goals of the Conference were to foster increased communication and understanding between practitioners and researchers and among various research disciplines, to present and discuss research results, and to identify possible future research activities. The participation and interaction of both high level negotiations practitioners and researchers were considered especially valuable and unique aspects of the Conference.All of the subjects dealt with at the Conference have direct and obvious relevance to improving negotiations outcomes on, and the ability to deal effectively with, such issues as the trans boundary effects (environmental,economic, etc.) of technological risk, security and confidence-building measures,and international economic cooperation- all of which are high on the negotiations agenda of many countries.

On the threshold of the twenty-first century, the ordinary Japanese citizen has become acutely aware that various environmental hazards pose a serious threat to daily life; such hazards include the problems of waste disposal, dioxin and other substances that disturb humans' endocrine balance. Who, a mere decade ago when these problems were first brought to our attention, would have anticipated that these environmental problems would so quickly become so common and so serious? At the same time, environmental problems on a global scale, such as ozone depreciation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), global warming and climate change, have become topics of everyday conversation. The main objective of this book is to take in these environmental problems, focus ing on the two locally important and interrelated issues of waste and pollution. This will enable us to investigate the whole range of problems, from regionally based pol lution caused by waste disposal and dioxin to the transboundary warming brought about by CO and CFCs. We shall thus be able to analyze comprehensively the whole 2 extent of "waste and pollution" problems, ranging from those caused by real garbage and domestic waste to the many kinds of technologically generated waste that result from the production, circulation, and consumption of industrial goods and services.

World Bank Technical Paper No. 271. Documents the move to low-polluting practices by enterprises in response to the global problem of stratospheric ozone depletion. The continued expansion of industry, particularly in developing countries, m