This volume is a brief anthology of the most influential writing by American scientists between 1800 and 1900. Arranged thematically and chronologically to highlight the progression of American science throughout the nineteenth century – from its beginnings in self-taught classification and exploration to the movement towards university education and specialization – it is the first collection of its kind. Each section begins with a biography, putting human faces to each time period, and introducing such notable figures as Thomas Jefferson and Louis Agassiz.

These investigations identify and clarify some basic assumptions and methodological principles involved in ecological explanations of plant associations. How are plants geographically distributed into characteristic groups? What are the basic conditions that organize groups of interspecific plant populations that are characteristic of particular kinds of habitats? Answers to these questions concerning the geographical distribution of plants in late 19th century European plant geography and early 20th century American plant ecology can be distinguished according to differing logical assumptions concerning the habitats of plant associations. Through an analysis of several significant case studies in the early history of plant ecology, Konopka distinguishes a logic of habitats that conceives of plant associations in an analogy to individual organisms with a logic that conceives of plant associations in a reciprocal relation to habitat physiography. He argues that a phenomenological conception of the logical attributes of habitats can philosophically complement the physiographic tradition in early plant ecology and provide an attractive alternative to standard reductionism and holism debates that persist today. This wide ranging and original analysis will be valuable for readers interested in the history and philosophy of ecology.

For the first time ever, Victor M Cassidy brings to life the world of Henry Chandler Cowles, internationally renowned ecologist, botanist, university teacher and conservationist. The book also rescues and reprints the best of his writings from forgotten journals and contains previously unpublished family and expedition photographs. At the end of the 19th century, Cowles made hundreds of field observations of the sand dune landscape that rings the southern and eastern shores of Lake Michigan. His studies demonstrated that the outdoor environment is a dynamic system in which plants, soil, moisture, climate, and topography interact. Cowles was the first to make sense of plant succession, which denotes the way that communities of plants come into a landscape, flourish, and create conditions for their replacement by other plant communities. He later expanded his plant succession studies into different Chicago-area ecosystems. Starting from a blank sheet of paper, Cowles created the entire ecology curriculum at the University of Chicago and taught it for more than thirty years.

Jens Jensen (1860-1951) was one of America's most distinguished landscape architects and a pioneering conservationist. During his long and productive career, this Danish-born visionary worked for and with some of the country's most prominent citizens and architects, including Henry Ford, Louis Sullivan, and Frank Lloyd Wright. He became internationally renowned for his design of landscapes throughout the Midwest and beyond, his contributions to the American conservation movement, and his design philosophy that emphasized the significance of nature in people's lives. He found inspiration in the landscape, particularly the plants native to a region, and was an environmentalist long before the term became popular. Today, Jensen is perhaps best remembered for establishing The Clearing on Wisconsin's Door County Peninsula. But the outspoken views in his writings - many of which were included in ephemeral planning reports, early newspapers, and now out-of-print journals - are virtually forgotten, with the exception of his two small books. "Jens Jensen: Writings Inspired by Nature" is an anthology of Jensen's most significant yet lesser-known articles, including a "Saturday Evening Post" piece that enabled him to reach the largest audience of his publishing career. The scope of Jensen's thoughts represented in this collection will further solidify his legacy and rightful place alongside conservation leaders such as John Muir and Aldo Leopold.