This collection is a resource for studying the history of the evolving technologies that have contributed to snowmobiles becoming cleaner and quieter machines. Papers address design for a snowmobile using E10 gasoline (10% ethanol mixed with pump gasoline). Performance technologies that are presented include: • Engine Design: application of the four-stroke engine • Applications to address both engine and track noise • Exhaust After-treatment to reduce emissions The SAE International Clean Snowmobile Challenge (CSC) program is an engineering design competition. The program provides undergraduate and graduate students the opportunity to enhance their engineering design and project management skills by reengineering a snowmobile to reduce emissions and noise. The competition includes internal combustion engine categories that address both gasoline and diesel, as well as the zero emissions category in which range and draw bar performance are measured. The goal of the competition is designing a cleaner and quieter snowmobile. The competitors’ modified snowmobiles are also expected to be cost-effective and comfortable for the operator to drive.

This study investigates the question of what allows certain nations to rise to industrial leadership; and why some retain that pre-eminence for so much longer than others. Adopting a Schumpeterian approach to national growth, it focuses on the ability of a country to adopt technological progress and human knowledge to effect its global economic and industrial position. By comparing the experiences of Britain, France, Germany, the US and Japan over a two-hundred year period, the study draws fascinating conclusions about the causes of economic growth and the reasons for its stagnation.

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