Dying is the worst or is it? Teagan arrives in Heaven confused, pissed, and demanding a second chance. She can have it on one condition: she must sacrifice her humanity. It's not much of a choice and she's out of options if she wants to return to save the imprisoned hybrids. Demons took over Earth in the time Teagan was making deals in Heaven. It's up to Teagan to find allies for fight for the ultimate prize: Earth's freedom. Will Teagan save the hybrids or will her sacrifice be in vain?

Hybrid systems describe the interaction of software, described by finite models such as finite-state machines, with the physical world, described by infinite models such as differential equations. This book addresses problems of verification and controller synthesis for hybrid systems. Although these problems are very difficult to solve for general hybrid systems, several authors have identified classes of hybrid systems that admit symbolic or finite models. The novelty of the book lies on the systematic presentation of these classes of hybrid systems along with the relationships between the hybrid systems and the corresponding symbolic models. To show how the existence of symbolic models can be used for verification and controller synthesis, the book also outlines several key results for the verification and controller design of finite systems. Several examples illustrate the different methods and techniques discussed in the book.

Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles provides a description of power train control for hybrid vehicles. The background, environmental motivation and control challenges associated with hybrid vehicles are introduced. The text includes mathematical models for all relevant components in the hybrid power train. The power split problem in hybrid power trains is formally described and several numerical solutions detailed, including dynamic programming and a novel solution for state-constrained optimal control problems based on the maximum principle. Real-time-implementable strategies that can approximate the optimal solution closely are dealt with in depth. Several approaches are discussed and compared, including a state-of-the-art strategy which is adaptive for vehicle conditions like velocity and mass. Three case studies are included in the book: • a control strategy for a micro-hybrid power train; • experimental results obtained with a real-time strategy implemented in a hybrid electric truck; and • an analysis of the optimal component sizes for a hybrid power train. Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles will appeal to academic researchers and graduate students interested in hybrid vehicle control or in the applications of optimal control. Practitioners working in the design of control systems for the automotive industry will also find the ideas propounded in this book of interest.

Sets out core theory and reviews new methods and applications to show how hybrid systems can be modelled and understood.

This book assembles new methods showing the automotive engineer for the first time how hybrid vehicle configurations can be modeled as systems with discrete and continuous controls. These hybrid systems describe naturally and compactly the networks of embedded systems which use elements such as integrators, hysteresis, state-machines and logical rules to describe the evolution of continuous and discrete dynamics and arise inevitably when modeling hybrid electric vehicles. They can throw light on systems which may otherwise be too complex or recondite. Hybrid Systems, Optimal Control and Hybrid Vehicles shows the reader how to formulate and solve control problems which satisfy multiple objectives which may be arbitrary and complex with contradictory influences on fuel consumption, emissions and drivability. The text introduces industrial engineers, postgraduates and researchers to the theory of hybrid optimal control problems. A series of novel algorithmic developments provides tools for solving engineering problems of growing complexity in the field of hybrid vehicles. Important topics of real relevance rarely found in text books and research publications—switching costs, sensitivity of discrete decisions and there impact on fuel savings, etc.—are discussed and supported with practical applications. These demonstrate the contribution of optimal hybrid control in predictive energy management, advanced powertrain calibration, and the optimization of vehicle configuration with respect to fuel economy, lowest emissions and smoothest drivability. Numerical issues such as computing resources, simplifications and stability are treated to enable readers to assess such complex systems. To help industrial engineers and managers with project decision-making, solutions for many important problems in hybrid vehicle control are provided in terms of requirements, benefits and risks.

A comprehensive introduction to hybrid control systems and design Hybrid control systems exhibit both discrete changes, or jumps, and continuous changes, or flow. An example of a hybrid control system is the automatic control of the temperature in a room: the temperature changes continuously, but the control algorithm toggles the heater on or off intermittently, triggering a discrete jump within the algorithm. Hybrid control systems feature widely across disciplines, including biology, computer science, and engineering, and examples range from the control of cellular responses to self-driving cars. Although classical control theory provides powerful tools for analyzing systems that exhibit either flow or jumps, it is ill-equipped to handle hybrid control systems. In Hybrid Feedback Control, Ricardo Sanfelice presents a self-contained introduction to hybrid control systems and develops new tools for their analysis and design. Hybrid behavior can occur in one or more subsystems of a feedback system, and Sanfelice offers a unified control theory framework, filling an important gap in the control theory literature. In addition to the theoretical framework, he includes a plethora of examples and exercises, a Matlab toolbox (as well as two open-source versions), and an insightful overview at the beginning of each chapter. Relevant to dynamical systems theory, applied mathematics, and computer science, Hybrid Feedback Control will be useful to students and researchers working on hybrid systems, cyber-physical systems, control, and automation.

Hybridization is an increasingly popular paradigm in the auto industry, but one that is not fully understood by car manufacturers. In general, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are designed without regard to the mechanics of the power train, which is developed similarly to its counterparts in internal combustion engines. Hybrid Electric Power Train Engineering and Technology: Modeling, Control, and Simulation provides readers with an academic investigation into HEV power train design using mathematical modeling and simulation of various hybrid electric motors and control systems. This book explores the construction of the most energy efficient power trains, which is of importance to designers, manufacturers, and students of mechanical engineering. This book is part of the Research Essentials collection.