Few of us know much about the biology of sex determination, but what could be more interesting than to discover how we are shaped into males and females? In this book, Elof Carlson tells the incredible story of the difficult quest to understand how the body forms girls and boys. Carlson's history takes us from antiquity to the present day to detail how each component of human reproduction and sexuality was identified and studied, how this knowledge enlarged our understanding of sex determination, and how it was employed to interpret such little understood aspects of human biology as the origin of intersex births.

Sri Sanyassian Sunkara Sankacharya Amazing, shocking, overwhelming, fascinating, intriguing. Concepts which have eluded clear expression for thousands of years. Where did the race originate? Why are we here? Does Human personality survive the Death of the Body? Where will we be after Death? What is the purpose of the life experience? What to believe? Who has the Truth? Where is the evidence? “What is the Correct Philosophy”? 7 Sexes is not for the timid, or the easily offended. It is not the intent to give offence, however the contents are outside of one’s Educational experience, beyond Orthodox, Institutional Teachings. The Biblical Saviour taught, “Seek the Truth”, Mahatma Ghandi taught, “Hang on to Truth”, Sri Sunkara, Spiritual Philosopher of the age delivers, “Herein the Truth to set you Free.” The controversial author of “VEDANTA – Bhagavad- Gita 2000” and “ASK – Were you there?” asked “The Tree of Knowledge, How did ‘It’ start?” The Spirit in the Tree responded: “Out of Africa” they say. Nay! Nay, Nay, Tree does sway. Long afore, before any Country, world or Galaxy were; Far Beyond the Physical you will find Humanity’s Self-starter. Science, State & Religion, Restrict belief, leading to Disaster; Empowering, Feeding Confusion’s Charter.” Today’s Belief Systems offer several choices, none of which withstand the scrutiny of time. The youth are offered a God a Supreme Male Being, Darwin’s theory of Evolution from an Ape, a Science of Big Bang from a Black Hole or an end to physical Life leading to Nothingness. Madame Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, internationally acclaimed Medium/Theosopher wrote 1,550 pages in a Doctrine, representing over 632,000 words. The dreaded word, SEX, appears three times. If mankind is not a race immersed in sexuality, then what is it? Knowledge of the complexities of the Spiritual Rounds, Rings, Chains and Sub races will not make the AIDS virus go away, nor solve the personal problems of the potential Suicide, nor bring you who read these words enlightenment or happiness. Sri Sunkara provides indisputable Evidence to support the Spiritual Reality of Existence; an intelligent fact based cosmic sense alternative to the Status Quo. Now Revealed to the outer world; the Hidden history of the ancient race of human Species. Be Free; armed with Perennial Wisdom, loaded with Truth, an exciting path for man’s exploration & discovery. Sunkara has no side agenda, no mortal ally, holds no specific group in awe, not affiliated with anyone, no vested interests to please; Spirit speaks directly to issues which affect us all; truthfully, candidly, where none have dared to tread. Please visit the Movement for Peaceful Social Change, Higher Spiritualism. http://www.hispirit.org.au. Mission & Purpose Spiritual Mission, “Freedom From Religion” to share the knowledge hidden from humanity.

What makes us male or female? A geneticist explains the history of scientific research into human sexuality and reproduction. In this book, geneticist and science historian Elof Carlson tells the incredible story of the difficult quest to understand how the body forms girls and boys. Carlson’s history takes us from antiquity to the present day to detail how each component of human reproduction and sexuality was identified and studied, how this knowledge enlarged our understanding of sex determination, and how it was employed to interpret such little understood aspects of human biology as the origin of intersex births. “Reveals the various scientific advances, in both methods and understanding, that allowed researchers to identify anatomical structures, gametes, sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and ultimately, a firm comprehension of the genetics of sex. . . . This scientific story of discovery is quite fascinating.” —Barbara Baumgartner, Washington University, St. Louis

Human genomes are 99.9 percent identical—with one prominent exception. Instead of a matching pair of X chromosomes, men carry a single X, coupled with a tiny chromosome called the Y. Tracking the emergence of a new and distinctive way of thinking about sex represented by the unalterable, simple, and visually compelling binary of the X and Y chromosomes, Sex Itself examines the interaction between cultural gender norms and genetic theories of sex from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, postgenomic age. Using methods from history, philosophy, and gender studies of science, Sarah S. Richardson uncovers how gender has helped to shape the research practices, questions asked, theories and models, and descriptive language used in sex chromosome research. From the earliest theories of chromosomal sex determination, to the mid-century hypothesis of the aggressive XYY supermale, to the debate about Y chromosome degeneration, to the recent claim that male and female genomes are more different than those of humans and chimpanzees, Richardson shows how cultural gender conceptions influence the genetic science of sex. Richardson shows how sexual science of the past continues to resonate, in ways both subtle and explicit, in contemporary research on the genetics of sex and gender. With the completion of the Human Genome Project, genes and chromosomes are moving to the center of the biology of sex. Sex Itself offers a compelling argument for the importance of ongoing critical dialogue on how cultural conceptions of gender operate within the science of sex.

It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.

Sex Differences in Physiology is an all-encompassing reference that details basic science research into sex differences in all physiological fields. It includes scientific discoveries concerning sex differences in cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal physiology. In addition, coverage of the development, endocrinology, neurophysiology, immunity, and metabolism is included, making this important reference a resource that will meet the needs of investigators interested in incorporating sex differences into their research programs, while also providing clinicians with the basis for providing the best sex-based medical treatment options available. Provides a sweeping, organ-by-organ review of currently observed sex differences in animal models and human disease Explains how sex differences influence physiology and disease Provides the critical knowledge on sex differences for better understanding of prevention and treatment of diseases