This practical guide explains, for the benefit of tax collection professionals, how to detect unrecorded cash transactions. Most developing countries have largely cash-based economies, where it can be both easy and safe to conceal many transactions from the authorities. The size of the resulting 'informal economy' can rival or even exceed that of the formal economy. Even in developed countries cash transactions are often used to evade tax, thus the guide is of use to professionals worldwide.The author explains methods to detect these cash transactions in important major categories of cases, and provides guidelines for detailed auditing in other cases. The plentiful case studies will allow tax auditors and inspectors to see the application of the guidelines in practice and adapt the techniques to their own circumstances. Published by the Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators and distributed by the Commonwealth Secretariat.

"Following topics have been covered in this guide: Introduction, Application of un-taked money, Non-Filers, Under-Reporting, Mis-Reporting, Diversion of income, Proceedings under other law, Miscellaneous cases; (Self Assessment for each topic)"--Container insert.

Second edition of a practical guide to using tax audits to detect concealed income in the most common trades in cash based economies. Based on methods used widely in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent, it is also useful in other developing countries with cash based economies.

"Revenue administration is a major interface between the state and its citizens. A good revenue administration is, therefore, an important attribute of good government. As a result, in recent years, policy makers have become increasingly aware of the importance of policies that will promote business development while ensuring voluntary tax compliance. In the modern context, it is neither desirable nor feasible to examine or inspect every single taxpayer. The revenue administration, therefore, has to rely on effective management of compliance. Promoting voluntary compliance, achieved through a self-assessment system in which taxpayers comply with their tax obligations without intervention from tax officials, requires developing modern approaches to audits based on risk management. The impact of audits critically depends on a properly designed audit selection strategy focused on high-risk taxpayers to provide the most cost-effective outcome. This, in itself, contributes to promoting voluntary compliance. Risk-based country audits: approaches and country experiences are an important study of this critical revenue function of compliance management."--Publisher's website.

Auditing Fundamentals in a South African Context 2e is a practical, applied and engaging introductory textbook that supports students throughout the undergraduate level of the Auditing curriculum. The text is designed to enhance learning by supporting holistic understanding: theory is presented within the framework of the real-world business environment, assisting students to apply principles and standards with an understanding of their context. The text offers a clear pedagogical framework, which supports applied learning and develops independent, critical and reflective engagement with the subject matter. A continuing case study, which follows each stage of the audit of a South African company, demonstrates the practical application of learned principles and the integration of the auditing process with a typical audit client's business. The second edition is comprehensively revised to reflect all relevant, recent changes in the requirements of legislation, financial reporting and auditing pronouncements and codes, and addresses the new Code of Professional Conduct which was issued by the SA Institute of Chartered Accountants in the final quarter of 2018. Additional educational resources support teaching and learning, assisting students to develop the academic skills required to master their studies.

Audits provide essential accountability and transparency over government programs. Given the current challenges facing governments and their programs, the oversight provided through auditing is more critical than ever. Government auditing provides the objective analysis and information needed to make the decisions necessary to help create a better future. The professional standards presented in this 2018 revision of Government Auditing Standards (known as the Yellow Book) provide a framework for performing high-quality audit work with competence, integrity, objectivity, and independence to provide accountability and to help improve government operations and services. These standards, commonly referred to as generally accepted government auditing standards (GAGAS), provide the foundation for government auditors to lead by example in the areas of independence, transparency, accountability, and quality through the audit process. This revision contains major changes from, and supersedes, the 2011 revision.

This technical note and manual (TNM) explains what accrual accounting means for the public sector and discusses current trends in moving from cash to accrual accounting. It outlines factors governments should consider in preparing for the move and sequencing of the transition. The note recognizes that governments considering accounting reforms will have different starting points across the public sector, different objectives, and varying coverage of the existing financial statements, it therefore recommends that governments consider each of these, and the materiality of stocks, flows and entities outside of government accounts when planning reforms and design the sequencing and stages involved accordingly. Building on international experiences, the note proposes four possible phases for progressively increasing the financial operations reported in the balance sheet and operating statement, with the ultimate aim of including all institutional units under the effective control of government in fiscal reports.