Catalysts are required for a variety of applications and researchers are increasingly challenged to find cost effective and environmentally benign catalysts to use. This volume looks at modern approaches to catalysis and reviews the extensive literature. Chapters highlight reactions active under oxidative coupling of methane conditions and how they are interlinked, heterogeneous nickel catalysts and their use in laboratory and industry, the reaction mechanism of heterogeneous catalysis with the surface science probe, the concepts of electroless deposition (ED) methods for preparation of true bimetallic catalysts, the general subject of metal-support interactions occurring over ruthenium-based catalysts and benzene as the target volatile organic compound (VOC). Appealing broadly to researchers in academia and industry, these illustrative chapters bridge the gap from academic studies in the laboratory to practical applications in industry not only for catalysis field but also for environmental protection. The book will be of great benefit to any researcher wanting a succinct reference on developments in this area now and looking to the future.

This book covers hydrogen effects in catalysis in the broadest sense, from surface science to industrial applications. It draws the attention of the catalysis community to the importance of the phenomena of hydrogen effects both in the science and technology of catalysis.

This text explores the optimization of catalytic materials through traditional and novel methods of catalyst preparation, characterization, and monitoring for oxides, supported metals, zeolites, and heteropolyacids. It focuses on the synthesis of bulk materials and of heterogeneous materials, particularly at the nanoscale. The final chapters examine pretreatment, drying, finishing effects, and future applications involving catalyst preparation and the technological advances necessary for continued progress. Topics also include heat and mass transfer limitations, computation methods for predicting properties, and catalyst monitoring on laboratory and industrial scales.

Explains the underlying structure that unites all disciplinesin chemistry Now in its second edition, this book explores organic,organometallic, inorganic, solid state, and materials chemistry,demonstrating how common molecular orbital situations arisethroughout the whole chemical spectrum. The authors explore therelationships that enable readers to grasp the theory thatunderlies and connects traditional fields of study withinchemistry, thereby providing a conceptual framework with which tothink about chemical structure and reactivity problems. Orbital Interactions in Chemistry begins by developingmodels and reviewing molecular orbital theory. Next, the bookexplores orbitals in the organic-main group as well as in solids.Lastly, the book examines orbital interaction patterns that occurin inorganic-organometallic fields as well as clusterchemistry, surface chemistry, and magnetism in solids. This Second Edition has been thoroughly revised andupdated with new discoveries and computational tools since thepublication of the first edition more than twenty-five years ago.Among the new content, readers will find: * Two new chapters dedicated to surface science and magneticproperties * Additional examples of quantum calculations, focusing oninorganic and organometallic chemistry * Expanded treatment of group theory * New results from photoelectron spectroscopy Each section ends with a set of problems, enabling readers totest their grasp of new concepts as they progress through the text.Solutions are available on the book's ftp site. Orbital Interactions in Chemistry is written for bothresearchers and students in organic, inorganic, solid state,materials, and computational chemistry. All readers will discoverthe underlying structure that unites all disciplines inchemistry.

Natural biochemical processes are routinely being discovered in living cells that involve RNA. Some of these processes, such as RNA interference, are now being exploited for biotechnology and medicinal applications. DNA has also proven in recent years to be more than a passive storehouse of information. For example, non-B-form DNA structures formed by G-rich DNA have been shown to participate in the regulation of gene expression, a discovery that presents new possibilities for drug targets in the genome. The current quest to understand how nucleic acid functions at the most fundamental level requires that we have a detailed understanding of nucleic acid-metal ion interactions. Because RNA and DNA are polyanions the structure and biological function of these biopolymers depends strongly on their association with metal ions. While this intimate connection between metal ions and nucleic function has been appreciated for decades, the noncovalent and dynamic nature of these interactions has continually presented challenges to the development of accurate and quantitative descriptions. Over the past few years the development of solution state spectroscopic techniques and the achievement of high resolution X-ray crystal structures have provided tremendous insights into the nature of nucleic acid-metal ion interactions, including direct evidence for their importance in determining nucleic acid structure, from the dictation of folding pathways followed by large RNA molecules to the subtle modulation of DNA groove widths. This new book provides a comprehensive review of the experimental studies that define our current understanding of nucleic acid-metal ion interactions with a particular emphasis being placed on experimental biophysical studies. However, the book is not merely a current review of the literature, as original material and fresh perspectives on published results are also presented. Particularly noteworthy topics include: -The chapter by Williams and fellow workers which reviews information provided by x-ray crystal structures and discusses what this information has revealed about the unique nature of Mg2+ interactions with RNA phosphate groups. The authors provide fresh insights, based upon structural comparisons, for how these interactions govern the local folding pathways of RNA. By dedicating separate chapters to the participation of metal ions in the kinetics and thermodynamics of RNA folding, this volume provides a more in depth treatise of both areas than is typically possible for reviews in which these two related, but distinct, topics are combined -Polyelectrolyte models of nucleic acids have proven to be extremely valuable for understanding the sequestering counterions in a so-called diffuse cloud around polymeric DNA. J. Michael Schurr provides a comprehensive review of polyanion models. Despite the success of polyelectrolyte models in describing some physical properties of nucleic acids, this topic is not always sufficiently understood by many researchers to make use of these models and this chapter serves as a valuable and up to date introduction to this topic. -The chapter by Pizarro and Sadler on metal ion-nucleic acid interactions in disease and medicine is complemented by a chapter by Lippert on coordinative bond formation between metal ions and nucleic acid bases. Together, these two chapters provide an overview of transition metal ion interactions with nucleic acids that illustrates the promise and peril that is associated with direct metal ion coordination to nucleic acid bases in living cells. The book is sufficiently detailed to serve as a reference source for researchers active in the field of nucleic acids biophysics and molecular biology. In addition, chapter authors have added introductory material and enough background material in each chapter so that the book can also can serve as an entry point for students and researchers that have not previously worked in the field which will make the book of lasting value and more accessible by a wider audience.

Gold has traditionally been regarded as inactive as a catalytic metal. However, the advent of nanoparticulate gold on high surface area oxide supports has demonstrated its high catalytic activity in many chemical reactions. Gold is active as a heterogeneous catalyst in both gas and liquid phases, and complexes catalyse reactions homogeneously in solution. Many of the reactions being studied will lead to new application areas for catalysis by gold in pollution control, chemical processing, sensors and fuel cell technology. This book describes the properties of gold, the methods for preparing gold catalysts and ways to characterise and use them effectively in reactions. The reaction mechanisms and reasons for the high activities are discussed and the applications for gold catalysis considered./a