Abstract: Changes in welfare laws have lead to a growing number of mothers returning to the workforce, creating a growing need for stable non-maternal child care arrangements for young children. Finding and maintaining stable child care arrangements can be especially problematic for low-income women living in rural areas of the country. Accessibility and availability may be especially limited to these families due to factors such as irregular work schedules and financial constraints. The goal of the present study was to better understand what factors contribute to mothers' decisions to change their child care arrangements. Data from a national research endeavor called Rural Families Speak (N = 474) were utilized. The present study (N = 249) focuses on a subsample of those women. Inclusion required women to have at least one child 5 years old or younger. Data were collected from families with an income at or below 200% of the poverty line and who were living in rural counties with population centers of less than 20,000. Results indicated that the most utilized type of care was informal care (40.7%). More stability than was hypothesized was found with 67% of families who reported no change in child care arrangements. Most mothers (86.4%) changed child care arrangements because of some precipitating event. Of the 81 cases experiencing change, 45.7% indicated that the change in their child care arrangements was related to their employment. Three reasons given for changes in care were work related; the mother got a job or began attending school (23.5%), the mother stopped working or attending school (14.8%), or a change in the mother's work schedule (5%). Interview transcripts revealed seven non-work related categories of responses when considering what specifically motivated mothers to change child care arrangements including; the person who was currently providing child care became unavailable or unwilling to continue, financial considerations, and moving from the area. In light of these findings, current policies were discussed and changes were suggested that may encourage more stable child care for young children.

The strengths and abilities children develop from infancy through adolescence are crucial for their physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, which in turn help them to achieve success in school and to become responsible, economically self-sufficient, and healthy adults. Capable, responsible, and healthy adults are clearly the foundation of a well-functioning and prosperous society, yet America's future is not as secure as it could be because millions of American children live in families with incomes below the poverty line. A wealth of evidence suggests that a lack of adequate economic resources for families with children compromises these children's ability to grow and achieve adult success, hurting them and the broader society. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty reviews the research on linkages between child poverty and child well-being, and analyzes the poverty-reducing effects of major assistance programs directed at children and families. This report also provides policy and program recommendations for reducing the number of children living in poverty in the United States by half within 10 years.

"David Blau has chosen seven economists to write chapters that review the emerging economic literature on the supply of child care, parental demand for care, child care cost and quality, and to discuss the implications of these analyses for public policy. The book succeeds in presenting that research in understandable terms to policy makers and serves economists as a useful review of the child care literature....provides an excellent case study of the value of economic analysis of public policy issues." —Arleen Leibowitz, Journal of Economic Literature "There is no doubt this is a timely book....The authors of this volume have succeeded in presenting the economic material in a nontechnical manner that makes this book an excellent introduction to the role of economics in public policy analysis, and specifically child care policy....the most comprehensive introduction currently available." —Cori Rattelman, Industrial and Labor Relations Review

Child care has become a fact of life for many American families. At the core of current debates about welfare reform and school readiness, child care has moved to the center of discussion about federal policy for children and families. This workshop report addresses the factors affecting patterns of child care use among low-income families; the quality, safety, and continuity of child care and its effects on children's development; the role of child care in families' efforts to prepare for and maintain paid employment; and the structure and consequences of federal child care subsidies. Tables, graphs, and references.

Valerie Polakow spent a year traveling around the country listening to low-income women from diverse backgrounds tell their stories of struggle, resilience, distress, and occasional success as they encountered ongoing child care crises. The resulting work is both a compelling account of the lived realities of the child care crisis, and an incisive critique of public policy that points to the United States as an outlier in the international community. Drawing on historical and international perspectives, Polakow creates a groundbreaking analysis of child care as a human right, persuasively arguing for a universal child care system. “Who Cares for Our Children? is one of the most disturbing books I have read in a long time. It should have a major impact on debates over poverty and social policy.” —From the Foreword by Barbara Ehrenreich, author of Nickel and Dimed “In this beautifully written and provocative volume, Polakow deftly steps aside and lets real mothers, struggling against the odds to keep their families safe and sound, speak for themselves about what they need. This book delivers a timely message: Child care should be viewed as a human right.” —Martha F. Davis, Northeastern University School of Law “A collection of moving and often chilling personal narratives. . . . Who Cares for Our Children? is a powerful and well-documented analysis of the worlds of low-income families.” —Beth Blue Swadener, Arizona State University “Thoroughly researched and grounded in a heartfelt sympathy for the struggles of families . . . that face such painful choices and dilemmas in meeting the needs of their children.” —James Garbarino, Loyola University Chicago

Comprehensive and integrative, The Oxford Handbook of Poverty and Child Development describes the contextual and social ecology of children living in poverty and illuminates the biological and behavioral interactions that either promote optimal development or that place children at risk of having poor developmental outcomes.