Reviews & synthesizes the literature about ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest, the major forest type in that region, with emphasis on the biology, ecology, & conservation of songbirds. Papers include: Ecology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests; Contemporary Human Use of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests; A Historical Overview; Songbird Status & Roles; Effects of Urbanization & Recreation on Songbirds; Effects & Interactions of Fire, Logging, & Grazing; Landscape Dynamics & Considerations. List of birds referenced in this book.

Birds are indicators of vegetation structure and ecological conditions. The singing activity of birds declines during late-morning periods, which can affect estimates of abundance and conclusions regarding vegetative conditions indexed by birds. Therefore, it is important to quantify periods of bird activity so biologists can plan studies. We determined hourly detections from singing males of 22 nongame bird species in ponderosa pine, quaking aspen, and grassland vegetation types in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Detections of 12 of 22 species differed among 1-hr intervals after sunrise. Detections of yellowrumped warblers, Townsend's solitaires, red-breasted nuthatches, western tanagers, and American robins decreased on count-episodes more than 4 hrs after sunrise. Detections of dusky flycatchers declined on count-episodes more than 3 hrs after sunrise and detections of black-capped chickadees were greatest during the first hour after sunrise and declined afterward. Detections of many other species from songs or calls decreased on count-episodes more than 5 hrs after sunrise. We recommend that bird counts in the Black Hills be completed within 4 hrs after sunrise so estimates of bird abundance are not affected by reduced singing among males.