Brazil is a country of sharp disparities. The gap between the richest and the poorest citizens is one of the largest in the world. Inequality in Brazil is well-known, but its low mobility is not. Until now, few studies have sought to investigate how forms of social exclusion constrain socioeconomic mobility. Why do particular groups remain excluded and trapped in poverty for generations? What do Brazilians themselves think about income inequality and social mobility? This study explores these issues, provides a set of options to redress them, and promotes a national dialogue for action. In addi.

Depuis plus d'une décennie, l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche dans les pays francophones d'Afrique sont confrontés à une crise profonde dont l'origine se situe principalement dans le déséquilibre entre les besoins nécessaires pour assurer un enseignement de qualité et les ressources disponibles. L'objet de cette publication est: de mettre en évidence les facteurs qui font que cette situation se rencontre dans la plupart de ces pays, d'identifier les conditions qui permettent d'incrire les dispositifs d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche dans des évolutions mieux maîtrisées et soutenables financièrement, et de proposer des pistes pour améliorer le financement de ce secteur tout en préservant sa qualité.

Inequality, exclusion and lack of mobility are unfortunate characteristics of life for Brazil's poorest and minority citizens. It is a pervasive and debilitating problem that is perceived to be the result of fair rules but poor administration. Policy changes are needed to ensure fair opportunities for everyone. These include ensuring fair access to labor markets, facilitating access to assets such as land, expanding and improving social security, building human capital, focusing on youth, decreasing race inequality and discrimination, and strengthening participation and citizenship.

This book examines the emergence of the black middle classes in urban Brazil, after 30 years of black mobilization and against the backdrop of deep economic, cultural, and political transformations taking place in recent decades within the country. One of the consequences of such transformations is said to be the restructuring of gender, race, and class relations. Utilizing qualitative research techniques such as ethnography, interviews, life histories, and focus groups among Afro-descendant families in the Northeast region of the country, the book explores contemporary race, class, and gender inequalities and their impact on daily lived experience. It reveals the dynamics underlying upward mobility, the diverse modes and experiences of social ascent into the middle classes, and the everyday negotiations involved in establishing one's status in the socio-racial hierarchy, which are not captured by other, more "macro" lenses. While some of these patterns are not peculiar to black people, this book argues that "race" shaped the contours and possibilities of social mobility in particular ways. This book is critical reading for specialists in the fields of inequality and race, class, and gender relations.