Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936), master of style, appeared first as poet, pure in style, severe in inspiration, but later "found himself" in writing humorous tales, novels and especially dramas. His humor, though at bottom sad and almost pessimistic, is not of a quiet sort. To him man appears as a creature more miserable than grotesque, eternally made sport of by the irony of fate. Such is the philosophy in "Signora Speranza", one of the most characteristic of his novellas. In 1934 Pirandello was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.

Franz Grillparzer (1791 - 1872) was an Austrian dramatic poet. "The Jewess of Toledo" may perhaps be said to mark the climax of his productive activity. Written in 1851, it was first performed in Prague in 1872, after Grillparzer's death. It is an eminently modern drama of passion in classical dignity of form. The play is properly called "The Jewess of Toledo"; for Rachel, the Jewess, is at the centre of the action, and is a marvelous creation – "a mere woman, nothing but her sex". The King of Castile, however, though relatively passive, is the most important character. He is attracted to Rachel by a charm that he has never known in his coldly virtuous English consort, and, after an error forgivable because made comprehensible, is taught the duty of personal sacrifice to morality and to the state.

"The Lady with the Toy Dog," "Goussiev" and other famous tales by Anton Chekhov (1860-1904). -- Time's revenges or the irony of satisfied desires are treated in "The Lady with the Toy Dog." Yet one cannot say that Chekhov himself is "disillusioned." His sense of spiritual beauty is too strong; and his depth of acceptation of life's pattern forms an aura enveloping his subject. This spiritual aura hovers about it and enwraps the gloomiest, greyest, most sardonic facts of life; death itself cannot diminish it. Examine "Goussiev," a sketch of the death of two worn-out soldiers on board a steamer, when returning from the East, a sketch that is so "modern" in its all-embracing outlook and bold acceptations as to shame nearly all our writers of today. It is so humanly broad, so tender, so infallibly true in its spiritual lightings, and it conveys the mystery of nature and all its transitory processes with sharp precision.

The Reunion of the Musketeers: In this sequel to "The Three Musketeers," d'Artagnan has completely lost touch with his friends. The group has been broken up. The two noblemen, Arthos and Porthos, have left the service and are living on their estates, Aramis has gone into the Church, and d'Artagnan alone is still in the King's guard. When Queen Anne needs again the group's service, Cardinal Mazarin commissions d'Artagnan to go in search of his friends. "Twenty Years After" follows events in France during a civil war (the "Fronde," 1648-1653), and in England at the time of Oliver Cromwell until the execution of King Charles I.