Millions of Americans use e-cigarettes. Despite their popularity, little is known about their health effects. Some suggest that e-cigarettes likely confer lower risk compared to combustible tobacco cigarettes, because they do not expose users to toxicants produced through combustion. Proponents of e-cigarette use also tout the potential benefits of e-cigarettes as devices that could help combustible tobacco cigarette smokers to quit and thereby reduce tobacco-related health risks. Others are concerned about the exposure to potentially toxic substances contained in e-cigarette emissions, especially in individuals who have never used tobacco products such as youth and young adults. Given their relatively recent introduction, there has been little time for a scientific body of evidence to develop on the health effects of e-cigarettes. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes reviews and critically assesses the state of the emerging evidence about e-cigarettes and health. This report makes recommendations for the improvement of this research and highlights gaps that are a priority for future research.

Every year workers' low-back, hand, and arm problems lead to time away from jobs and reduce the nation's economic productivity. The connection of these problems to workplace activities-from carrying boxes to lifting patients to pounding computer keyboards-is the subject of major disagreements among workers, employers, advocacy groups, and researchers. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace examines the scientific basis for connecting musculoskeletal disorders with the workplace, considering people, job tasks, and work environments. A multidisciplinary panel draws conclusions about the likelihood of causal links and the effectiveness of various intervention strategies. The panel also offers recommendations for what actions can be considered on the basis of current information and for closing information gaps. This book presents the latest information on the prevalence, incidence, and costs of musculoskeletal disorders and identifies factors that influence injury reporting. It reviews the broad scope of evidence: epidemiological studies of physical and psychosocial variables, basic biology, biomechanics, and physical and behavioral responses to stress. Given the magnitude of the problem-approximately 1 million people miss some work each year-and the current trends in workplace practices, this volume will be a must for advocates for workplace health, policy makers, employers, employees, medical professionals, engineers, lawyers, and labor officials.

Both editors are active duty officers and surgeons in the U.S. Army. Dr. Martin is a fellowship trained trauma surgeon who is currently the Trauma Medical Director at Madigan Army Medical Center. He has served as the Chief of Surgery with the 47th Combat Support Hospital (CSH) in Tikrit, Iraq in 2005 to 2006, and most recently as the Chief of Trauma and General Surgery with the 28th CSH in Baghdad, Iraq in 2007 to 2008. He has published multiple peer-reviewed journal articles and surgical chapters. He presented his latest work analyzing trauma-related deaths in the current war and strategies to reduce them at the 2008 annual meeting of the American College of Surgeons. Dr. Beekley is the former Trauma Medical Director at Madigan Army Medical Center. He has multiple combat deployments to both Iraq and Afghanistan, and has served in a variety of leadership roles with both Forward Surgical Teams (FST) and Combat Support Hospitals (CSH).

This is an open access book with CC BY 4.0 license. This comprehensive open access textbook provides a comprehensive coverage of principles and practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. With a range of topics starting from routine dentoalveolar surgery to advanced and complex surgical procedures, this volume is a meaningful combination of text and illustrations including clinical photos, radiographs, and videos. It provides guidance on evidence-based practices in context to existing protocols, guidelines and recommendations to help readers deal with most clinical scenarios in their daily surgical work. This multidisciplinary textbook is meant for postgraduate trainees, young practicing oral surgeons and experienced clinicians, as well as those preparing for university and board certification exams. It also aids in decision-making, the implementation of treatment plans and the management of complications that may arise. This book is an initiative of Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India (AOMSI) to its commitment to academic medicine. As part of this commitment, this textbook is in open access to help ensure widest possible dissemination to readers across the world. ; Open access Unique presentation with contents divided into color-coded core competency gradations Covers all aspects of oral and maxillofacial surgery Supplemented with videos of all commonly carried out procedures as operative video Every chapter or topic concludes with "future perspective" and addresses cutting edge advances in each area Every topic has a pull out box that provides the most relevant systematic reviews/ key articles to every topic.

Pediatric Hand and Upper Limb Surgery guides you to the present indications for intervention and care in upper limb pediatric disorders. The fifty chapters are subdivided into: Congenital, Neuromuscular, Trauma, Sports, Soft tissue and Microvascular, and Tumor. Each section stands alone but together provides a comprehensive and detailed description of all elements of evaluation and treatment of infants, children, and adolescents with maladies of the hand and upper limb. Each chapter has a case presentation, series of clinical questions, and fundamentals on etiology and epidemiology, clinical evaluation, and surgical indications. In addition, each chapter details postoperative care, anticipated results, complications, case outcome, and includes a summary. There are technical tip highlights, unique situations and deeper insight into the conditions described in each subsection. The text is complemented with over 1,000 images and illustrations to assist in visualizing the specific surgical challenges you may face.

The new edition of this comprehensive classic continues the tradition of offering the latest developments in the mechanisms of injury, the biomechanics of fracture reduction, and an understanding of the potential for healing. It correlates anatomy, pathology and radiography of childrens skeletal injuries with a plethora of photographs and line drawings, establishing diagnosis, management, and treatment in a comprehensive and practical manner. Important additions to this edition are an expansive chapter on the management of multiple injuries, the management of complications, extensive discussion of soft tissue injuries following skeletal trauma, new diagnostic techniques, and the use of flaps in childrens injuries. Written by one of the most highly respected names in the orthopaedic community world-wide, this third edition will remain an invaluable resource to paediatric orthopaedic surgeons, general orthopaedic surgeons, emergency room physicians, orthopaedic trauma surgeons and residents and fellows in these specialities.